Dynamics and Control of Chemical Reactors, Distillation Columns and Batch Processes (DYCORD'95) (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Dynamics and Control of Chemical Reactors, Distillation Columns and Batch Processes (Dycord+ '95) 2
Copyright Page 3
Acknowledgements 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS 6
PART I: PLENARY PAPER I 12
CHAPTER 1. A CONTEMPORARY INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVE ON PROCESS CONTROL THEORY AND PRACTICE 12
1 INTRODUCTION 12
2 RE-EXAMINING "PROCESS CONTROL" 13
3 A BRIEF HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 14
4 CONTEMPORARY ISSUES 15
5 ANTICIPATING THE FUTURE 18
6 SUMMARY/CONCLUSION 19
REFERENCES 19
Part II: CHEMICAL REACTORS I 20
CHAPTER 2. CONTROL SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT OF AN INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL REACTOR 20
1. INTRODUCTION 20
2. OUTLINE OF EXISTING PLANT 20
3. MODELING OF EXISTING PLANT 21
4. BASIC STRATEGY FOR IMPROVEMENT 22
5. ADVANCED STRATEGY FOR IMPROVEMENT 23
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 25
7. REFERENCES 25
CHAPTER 3. COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS AS A TOOL FOR CHEMICAL REACTOR OPTIMIZATION 26
1. INTRODUCTION 26
2. REACTOR MODEL 26
3. EXAMPLES OF FLUID FLOW SIMULATION 27
4. CONCLUSIONS 30
REFERENCES 30
CHAPTER 4. Control of Forced Cyclic Process 32
1. INTRODUCTION 32
2. METHODS 33
3. STATIC BEHAVIOUR 34
4. DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR 36
5. CONTROL PROBLEM 37
6. CONCLUSIONS 37
7. LITTERATURE 37
CHAPTER 5. FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR PH-CONTROL IN A CSTR 38
1. INTRODUCTION 38
2. DESCRIPTION AND MODELLING OF THE PLANT 39
3. FUZZY CONTROLLER DESIGN BASED ON HEURISTICS ALONE 39
4. APPROXIMATION OF OPTIMAL CONTROLLERS BY A FUZZY SYSTEM 40
5. MODEL BASED FUZZY CONTROLLER DESIGN 41
6. CONCLUSIONS 43
REFERENCES 43
CHAPTER 6. RELIABLE AND EFFICIENT OPTIMIZATION STRATEGIES FOR NONLINEAR MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL 44
1. INTRODUCTION 44
2. A MULTIPLE SHOOTING FORMULATION FOR PROCESS CONTROL 45
3. EXAMPLES 47
4. CONCLUSIONS 49
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 49
5. REFERENCES 49
PArt III:CHEMICAL REACTORS II 50
CHAPTER 7. OPTIMAL ESTIMATION OF STATES IN DIFFERENTIAL-ALGEBRAIC EQUATION SYSTEMS 50
1. INTRODUCTION 50
2. OPTIMAL ESTIMATION FOR DAE SYSTEMS 50
3. APPLICATION TO A FIXEDBED REACTOR 51
4. PERFORMANCE OF THE REACTOR ESTIMATOR 53
5. CONCLUSIONS 55
REFERENCES 55
CHAPTER 8. USE OF ITERATIVE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMINGIN OPTIMIZATION OF REACTOR SYSTEMS 56
1. INTRODUCTION 56
2. OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEM 56
3. IDP ALGORITHM 57
4. NUMERICAL RESULTS 57
5. CONCLUSIONS 60
REFERENCES 60
CHAPTER 9. HARD CONSTRAINTS IN CONTROL AND STATE VARIABLES OF MULTIVARIABLE NONLINEAR PROCESSES RESOLVED BY ELEMENTARY NONLINEAR DECOUPLING 62
1. INTRODUCTION 62
2. SHORT REVIEW OF THE END ALGORITHM 62
3. THE END ALGORITHM WITH CONSTRAINED STATE VARIABLES 64
4. END CONTROL OF A STIRRED TANK REACTOR WITH TWO CONSECUTIVE REACTIONS 64
5. CONCLUSION 65
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 65
7. REFERENCES 65
CHAPTER 10. TIME-VARIABLE MODELS FOR MIXING PROCESSES UNDER UNSTEADY FLOW AND VOLUME 68
1. INTRODUCTION 68
2. TIME-VARYING AGE DISTRIBUTIONS 69
3. MODELS AND THEIR INTERCONNECTIONS 69
4. PRACTICAL TESTS 72
5. CONCLUSION 73
6. REFERENCES 73
CHAPTER 11. GENERAL METHODS OF KINETIC MODEL REDUCTION 74
1. INTRODUCTION 74
2. REACTOR MODELING 75
3. VS FORMULATION FOR NETWORK REDUCTION 75
4. GA FORMULATION FOR NETWORK REDUCTION 77
5. TEST PROBLEM 77
6. RESULTS 78
7. CONCLUSION 79
8. REFERENCES 79
CHAPTER 12. ROBUST DECENTRALIZED CONTROL OF A CSTR WITH COMPLEX REACTION SCHEME 80
1. INTRODUCTION 80
2. CONTROLLER DESIGN BY FREQUENCY RESPONSE APPROXIMATION 81
3. THE SET OF ALL STABILIZING DECENTRALIZED CONTROLLERS 81
4. APPLICATION TO A CSTR 82
5. CONCLUSIONS 85
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 85
REFERENCES 85
Part IV: DISTILLATION COLUMNS I 86
CHAPTER 13. INPUT MULTIPLICITY AND RIGHT HALF PLANE ZEROS IN IDEAL TWO-PRODUCT DISTILLATION 86
1. INTRODUCTION 86
2. INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLE 86
3. DV-CONFIGURATION 87
4. OTHER CONFIGURATIONS 88
5. EFFECT OF OPERATING CONDITIONS 89
6. DYNAMICS 89
7. INPUT MULTIPLICITY WITH MASS INPUTS 90
8. SPECIFICATION OF TWO OUTPUTS 90
9. CONCLUSIONS 91
REFERENCES 91
CHAPTER 14. HETEROGENEOUS AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION INVOLVING AN EMBEDDED TWO-LIQUID PHASE REGION 92
1. INTRODUCTION 92
2. PHASE EQUILIBRIA AND RESIDUE CURVES 93
3. DISTILLATION TOWER 93
4. STEADY-STATE SIMULATION 93
5. PROCESS DYNAMICS 94
6. CONCLUSION 95
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 95
REFERENCES 95
CHAPTER 15. HIERARCHICAL SUB-OPTIMAL CONTROL OF BATCH DISTILLATION WITH SLOP RECYCLING 98
INTRODUCTION 98
LITERATURE OVERVIEW 99
SINGLE-RUN POLICIES 100
SLOP RECYCLE POLICIES 101
COORDINATOR HIERARCHY 102
SCHEDULER RELATIONS 102
CONCLUSIONS 103
SYMBOLS 103
REFERENCES 103
CHAPTER 16. HIGH PERFORMANCE DISTILLATION COLUMN CONTROL THROUGH NOVEL CONTROL CONFIGURATIONS 104
1 INTRODUCTION 104
2 MODEL TRANSFORMATION 104
3 AN EXAMPLE COLUMN 106
4 DESIGN NEW CONTROL CONFIGURATIONS 106
5 CONCLUSIONS 109
6 REFERENCES 109
CHAPTER 17. A DAE FRAMEWORK FOR MODELING AND CONTROL OF REACTIVE DISTILLATION COLUMNS 110
1. INTRODUCTION 110
2. DYNAMIC MODELING AND SIMULATION 110
3. CONTROL PROBLEM 112
4. CONCLUSIONS 114
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 114
6. REFERENCES 114
CHAPTER 18. IDENTIFICATION OF A PILOT PLANT REACTIVE DISTILLATION PROCESS USING RBF NETWORKS 116
1. INTRODUCTION 116
2. PROCESS 117
3. EXPERIMENTS 117
4. NONLINEAR IDENTIFICATION 118
5. MODEL VALIDATION 119
6. RESULTS 119
7. CONCLUSIONS 121
8. REFERENCES 121
CHAPTER 19. REDUCED MODELING OF COMPLEX FLUID MLXTURES BY THE WAVELET-GALERKIN METHOD 122
1. INTRODUCTION 122
2. MODEL REDUCTION FOR COMPLEX FLUID MIXTURES 122
3. SOLUTION TECHNIQUES 123
4. WAVELET-GALERKIN METHOD 124
5. APPLICATION OF WAVELET-GALERKIN METHOD 125
6. CONCLUSIONS 127
7. REFERENCES 127
CHAPTER 20. AN OBJECT-ORIENTED METHOD FOR PROCESS MODELLING 128
1. INTRODUCTION 128
2. SYSTEM TOPOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR 128
3. THE OBJECT-ORIENTED MODEL 129
4. MODELLING A CSTR 130
5. HC-FERROMANGANESE FURNACE 132
6. DISCUSSION 133
7. CONCLUSION 133
8. REFERENCES 133
CHAPTER 21. HYBRID SIMULATION OF FLEXIBLE BATCH PLANTS 134
INTRODUCTION 134
RECIPE BASED OPERATION 135
STRUCTURE OF THE SIMULATION PROGRAM 136
SIMULATION OF THE HYBRID SYSTEM 137
DETECTION OF EVENTS 138
CONCLUSION 139
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 139
REFERENCES 139
CHAPTER 22. NEURAL NETWORK BASED ESTIMATORS FOR A BATCH POLYMERIZATION REACTOR 140
1 INTRODUCTION 140
2 A BATCH POLYMERIZATION REACTOR 141
3 NEURAL NETWORKS WITH MIXED TYPES OF NEURONS 141
4 NEURAL NETWORK BASED INFERENTIAL ESTIMATORS 142
5 CONCLUSIONS 143
6 REFERENCES 144
CHAPTER 23. ALAMBIC - A SOFTWARE PACKAGE FOR OPTIMISING DESIGN AND OPERATION OF BATCH DISTILLATION COLUMNS 146
1. INTRODUCTION 146
2. ALAMBIC - OVERVIEW 147
3. CASE STUDIES 150
4. CONCLUSIONS 151
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 151
REFERENCES 151
CHAPTER 24. COMPARISON OF INVERTED AND REGULAR BATCH DISTILLATION 152
1. INTRODUCTION 152
2. OPTIMAL OPERATION 153
3. THE PERFORMANCE OF "INVERTED" SEPARATIONS 155
4. IDEAL INVERTED COLUMN 156
5. CONCLUSION 156
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 157
NOTATION 157
REFERENCES 157
APPENDIX 157
CHAPTER 25. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF A FAULT DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION SCHEME FOR CHEMICAL PROCESSES 158
1. INTRODUCTION 158
2. PROCESS MODELLING AND CONTROL 159
3. SENSOR FAULT DETECTION 159
4. FAULT TOLERANT CONTROL STRATEGIES 160
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 160
6. CONCLUSIONS 163
7. NOTATION 163
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 163
8. REFERENCES 163
CHAPTER 26. STEADY STATE AND DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF FCC REACTOR UNITS 164
1. INTRODUCTION 164
2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 166
3. CONCLUSIONS 167
4. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 167
REFERENCES 167
CHAPTER 27. DYNAMICS OF THE JAROSITE CONVERSION PROCESS 170
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE JAROSITE CONVERSION PROCESS 170
2. CONTROL OBJECTIVES AND PROCESS MODELLING 171
3. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 171
4. PARAMETERS INVESTIGATED 171
5. DETERMINATION OF THE LEACHING REACTION RATE CONSTANT 172
6. DETERMINISTIC DYNAMIC MODEL 172
7. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 173
8. CONCLUSIONS 175
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 175
REFERENCES 175
NOMENCLATURE 175
CHAPTER 28. MODEL-BASED TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF FED-BATCH REACTORS 176
1. INTRODUCTION 176
2. TENDENCY MODEL OF THE PROCESS 177
3. MODEL-BASED CONTROL ALGORITHM 179
4. SIMULATION AND PHYSICAL STUDY OF THE ALGORITHM 180
5. CONCLUSIONS 181
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 181
REFERENCES 181
CHAPTER 29. PRACTICAL CONTROL METHODS FOR DISTILLATION COLUMNS USING NEURAL NETWORKS 182
1-INTRODUCTION 182
2-DISTILLAT10N COLUMN MODEL STUDIED. 183
3-NEURAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 183
4- INTERNAL MODEL CONTROL STRATEGY. 184
5- FEEDFORWARD COMPENSATION USING NN INVERSE PLANT MODEL 186
6- CONCLUSIONS 186
REFERENCES 187
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 187
CHAPTER 30. FINE TUNING OF MULTILOOP PI CONTROLLERS USING FUZZY SET THEORY 188
1. INTRODUCTION 188
2. CONVENTIONAL MULTILOOP PI CONTROLLERS TUNING METHOD 189
3. FUZZY SET THEORY 189
4. PROPOSED TUNING METHOD USING FUZZY SET THEORY 189
5. EXAMPLE 192
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 193
REFERENCES 193
CHAPTER 31. MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL OF DISTILLATION COLUMN 196
1. INTRODUCTION 196
2. MULTIVARIABLE POLE ASSIGNMENT METHOD 196
3. DECOUPLING METHOD WITH PRECOMPENSATOR 197
4. DECOUPLING METHOD WITH PRECOMPENSATOR AND UNIT FEEDBACK 198
5. SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS 198
6. CONCLUSIONS 200
REFERENCES 200
CHAPTER 32. SIMULATION OF MULTICOMPONENT BATCH DISTILLATION WITH CHEMICAL REACTIONS PROCESSES 202
MNTRODUCTION 202
2-DYNAMIC MODEL DESCRIPTION 203
3 -SOLUTION OF THE MODEL EQUATIONS 204
4-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 205
5-CONCLUSIONS 207
6-REFERENCES 207
CHAPTER 33. PHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS OF PERIODIC SOLUTIONS IN A FIXED BED REACTOR WITH RECYCLE 208
1. INTRODUCTION 208
2. METHOD 209
3. RESULTS 210
4. CONTROL STRUCTURE CONSIDERATIONS 211
5. CONCLUSION 213
SYMBOLS 213
REFERENCES 213
CHAPTER 34. Analysis of Process Dynamics Using Steady State Flowsheeting Tools 214
1. INTRODUCTION 214
2. DERIVATION OF AN APPROXIMATE DYNAMIC PLANT MODEL 214
3. A PLANT-WIDE CASE STUDY 216
4. CONCLUSIONS 219
5. REFERENCES 219
CHAPTER 35. NEURAL NETWORK IDENTIFICATION OF AN IN-LINE pH PROCESS 220
1. INTRODUCTION 220
2. PROCESS DESCRIPTION 221
3. RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION ANN MODELS 222
4. DEADTIME COMPENSATION 222
5. RESULTS 223
6. CONCLUSIONS 224
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 225
REFERENCES 225
CHAPTER 36. SOME ASPECTS OF INTEGRATED PROCESS OPERATION 226
1. INTRODUCTION 226
2. INTEGRATION ON PROCESSING UNIT LEVEL 227
3. INTEGRATION OF PROCESS OPERATION ON THE FLOWSHEET LEVEL 232
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 237
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 238
6. REFERENCES 238
CHAPTER 37. OPTIMIZATION IN MODEL BASED CONTROL1 240
1. INTRODUCTION 240
2. MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL 240
3. MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS 243
4. ROBUST MPC 246
5. OUTPUT FEEDBACK MPC 249
6. ADAPTIVE MPC 250
7. STATE FEEDBACK CONTROLLER. 250
8. CONCLUSION 252
9. REFERENCES 253
CHAPTER 38. MULTIPLE STEADY STATES IN AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION AND THEIR EFFECT ON COLUMN OPERATION AND DESIGN 254
1. INTRODUCTION 254
2. COLUMNS WITHOUT DECANTER 255
3. COLUMNS WITH DECANTER 256
4. FINITE REFLUX AND FINITE NUMBER OF TRAYS 257
5. CONCLUSIONS 258
6. REFERENCES 259
CHAPTER 39. COMPARISON OF THE SEPARATION PERFORMANCES OF A MULTI-EFFECT BATCH DISTILLATION SYSTEM AND A CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION SYSTEM 260
1. INTRODUCTION 260
2. MULTIPLE-EFFECT BATCH DISTILLATION SYSTEM 261
3. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF MEBAD 261
4. COMPARISON OF THE SEPARATION PERFORMANCE OF MEBAD AND CONTINUOUS SYSTEM 262
5. CONTROL OF MEBAD 264
6. CONCLUSION 265
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 265
REFERENCES 265
CHAPTER 40. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CASCADE CONTROL SCHEMES FOR DISTILLATION 266
1. INTRODUCTION 266
2. INTERACTIONS IN MULTIVARIABLE SYSTEMS WITH CASCADE CONTROL 266
3. PARAMETERS FOR THE SELECTION OF THE CASCADE 267
4. APPLICATIONS TO DISTILLATION COLUMNS 269
5. CONCLUSION 271
6. REFERENCES 271
CHAPTER 41. Evaluation of Dynamic Models of Distillation Columns with Emphasis on the Initial Response 272
1. Introduction 272
2. Tray Modeling 272
3. Linear Tray Hydraulics 273
4. Obtaining parameters from experiments 275
5. Results 275
6. Discussion and Conclusion 277
REFERENCES 278
CHAPTER 42. Plantwide Control Problem For a Process With Three Distillation Columns and Two Recycle Streams 280
1. INTRODUCTION 280
2. PLANTWIDE CONTROL PROBLEM 281
3. CONCLUSIONS 282
REFERENCES 283
NOTE 283
CHAPTER 43. WAVE-NET BASED ON-LINE QUALITY INFERENCE SYSTEM FOR POLYMERIZATION PROCESSES 286
1. INTRODUCTION 286
2. PROCESS AND DATA DESCRIPTION 287
3. MODELS FOR MI PREDICTION 287
4. FORMATION OF ADAPTIVE LEARNING FROM THE INFREQUENTLY MEASURED MI DATA 289
5. APPLICATION RESULTS 290
6. CONCLUSION 291
REFERENCES 291
CHAPTER 44. STATE AND PARAMETER ESTIMATION WITH AUGMENTED KALMAN FILTER APPLIED TO AN INDUSTRIAL POLYMER REACTOR 292
1. INTRODUCTION 292
2. MODEL OF THE COPOLYMER REACTOR 292
3. MODEL IDENTIFICATION 294
4. CONCLUSION 295
5. REFERENCES 295
CHAPTER 45. KALMAN FILTER AND NEURAL NETWORK FOR ON-LINE ESTIMATION OF POLYMER CHAIN CHARACTERISTICS 298
1. INTRODUCTION 298
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS 299
3. KALMAN FILTERING WITH ANALYTIC MODEL 300
4. KALMAN FILTERING WITH NEURAL NETWORK MODELS 300
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 302
6. CONCLUSION 303
7. NOMENCLATURE 303
8. REFERENCES 303
9. APPENDIX 303
CHAPTER 46. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PRODUCTION RATE OPTIMIZATION AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN GAS PHASE POLYETHYLENE REACTORS 304
1. INTRODUCTION 304
2. SYSTEM MODEL 305
3. FEEDBACK TEMPERATURE CONTROL 306
4. HANDLING CONTROL SATURATION 306
5. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 307
6. CONCLUSIONS 308
7. REFERENCES 308
8. GLOSSARY 308
CHAPTER 47. CONTROLLABILITY ISSUES CONCERNING PARTICLE SIZE IN EMULSION POLYMERIZATION 310
1. INTRODUCTION 310
2. COMPETITIVE GROWTH FRAMEWORK 310
3. DYNAMIC COMPETITIVE GROWTH MODEL 311
4. COMPETITIVE GROWTH SIMULATIONS 312
5. GROWTH MECHANISM CONTROLLABILITY 312
6. CONCLUSIONS 315
7. NOMENCLATURE 315
8. REFERENCES 315
CHAPTER 48. MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL OF A CONTINUOUS CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS USING EXPERIMENTAL INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS 316
1. INTRODUCTION 316
2. PROCESS DESCRIPTION 317
3. PROCESS DYNAMICS 317
4. Design of a stabilizing controller 317
5. Closed-loop MIMO identification 318
6. Controllability analysis 319
7. MPC control 319
8. Open-loop experimental process responses 320
9. Evaluation of the MPC controller 320
10. CONCLUSIONS 320
11. REFERENCES 321
CHAPTER 49. A DYNAMIC MODEL OF A SUPERFRACTIONATOR: A TEST CASE FOR COMPARING DISTILLATION CONTROL TECHNIQUES 322
INTRODUCTION 322
MODEL DESCRIPTION 322
TEST SCENARIOS 323
CONTROLLER TEST RESULTS 323
CONCLUSIONS 323
REFERENCES 324
CHAPTER 50. IDENTIFICATION FOR CONTROL OF HIGH-PURITY DISTILLATION COLUMNS - A BENCHMARK PROBLEM 328
1. INTRODUCTION 328
2. A BRIEF REVIEW 329
3. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 330
4. MISO-IDENTIFICATION USING AN ARMAX-TYPE MODEL 331
5. CONCLUSIONS 333
FURTHER INFORMATION 333
REFERENCES 333
CHAPTER 51. DISTILLATION COLUMN CONTROL BENCHMARKS: Four Typical Problems 334
1. INTRODUCTION 334
2. PLANT DESCRIPTION 334
3. BENCHMARK PROBLEMS 335
4. OPERATING CONDITIONS 335
5. REFERENCES 336
CHAPTER 52. THE IMPACT OF PROCESS DIRECTIONALITY ON ROBUST CONTROL IN NON-IDEAL DISTILLATION 338
1. INTRODUCTION 338
2. DIRECTIONALITY 339
3. ROBUSTNESS 339
4. DIRECTIONALITY IN DISTILLATION 339
5. CONTROLLER DESIGN 341
6. CONCLUSIONS 342
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 343
8. REFERENCES 343
CHAPTER 53. ROBUST ANALYSIS OF DISTILLATION COLUMN DYNAMICS 344
1. INTRODUCTION 344
2. DYNAMIC MODEL OF THE DISTILLATION COLUMN 345
3. UNCERTAINTY MODELING 346
4. ROBUST ANALYSIS TOOLS 347
5. ROBUST ANALYSIS OF THE DISTILLATION COLUMN DYNAMICS 348
6. CONCLUSION 349
7. REFERENCES 349
CHAPTER 54. INVESTIGATION OF OPERABILITY AND CONTROLLABILITY PROPERTIES OF A PILOT-SCALE DISTILLATION COLUMN 350
1. INTRODUCTION 350
2. DISTILLATION COLUMN SIMULATOR 351
3. OPERABILITY AND CONTROLLABILITY STUDY 351
4. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION 355
5. CONCLUSION 355
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 355
REFERENCES 355
CHAPTER 55. CONTROL OF CHEMICAL REACTORS USING MULTIPLE-MODEL ADAPTIVE CONTROL (MMAC) 356
1. INTRODUCTION 356
2. IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL WEIGHTING 357
3. EXAMPLE 1. INPUT MULTIPLICITIES 357
4. EXAMPLE 2. OUTPUT MULTIPLICITIES 358
5. SUMMARY AND CURRENT WORK 359
REFERENCES 359
CHAPTER 56. FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC CHEMICAL PROCESSES 362
1. INTRODUCTION 362
2. DYNAMIC FEASIBILITY/FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS 363
3. FEASIBILITY/FLEXIBILITY ANALYSIS WITH GIVEN UNCERTAINTY PROFILE 364
4. EXAMPLE 364
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 366
6. REFERENCES 366
CHAPTER 57. CONTROL OF A BATCH REACTOR USING A MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL CONTROLLER DESIGN 368
1. INTRODUCTION 368
2. MPCA METHOD 369
3. PROCESS DESCRIPTION 369
4. Controller Formulation 370
5. SIMULATION RESULTS & DISCUSSION
6. REFERENCES 371
CHAPTER 58. INTEGRATION OF PROCESS AND CONTROL DESIGNS BY NONLINEAR GEOMETRIC METHODS 374
1. INTRODUCTION 374
2. THE CLASS OF PLANTS AND THE PROCESSCONTROL PROBLEM 375
3. SOLVABILITY OF THE PROCESS-CONTROL PROBLEM 375
4. APPLICATION EXAMPLE: A SEMIBATCH EMULSION POLYMERIZATION REACTOR 376
5. CONCLUSIONS 378
REFERENCES 378
APPENDIX 379
CHAPTER 59. DYNAMIC HEAT BALANCE MODEL FOR INDUSTRIAL BATCH REACTORS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 380
1. INTRODUCTION 380
2. GENERIC DYNAMIC HEAT BALANCE MODEL 381
3. APPLICATION TO A PBL REACTOR 382
4. APPLICATION TO AN EPS BATCH POLYMERIZATION REACTOR 383
5. CONCLUSIONS 384
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 384
REFERENCES 384
CHAPTER 60. METHODS OF DUALITY IN PROBLEMS ABOUT EXPENDIENCY OF USAGE AND OPTIMIZATION OF CYCLIC REGIMES OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES. 386
1. INTRODUCTION. 386
2. OPTIMIZATION OP CYCLIC PROCESSES AND AVERAGING PROBLEMS OF MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING. 386
3. RESULTS OF USING DUAL METHODS FOR SOME PROCESSES. 388
4. ABSORPTION-ADSORPTION CYCLE. 389
5. CONCLUSION. 390
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. 390
REFERENCES. 390
CHAPTER 61. STATUS AND CHALLENGES OF INTELLIGENT PLANT CONTROL 392
1. INTRODUCTION 392
2. A STATUS OF AI APPLICATIONS IN CONTROL 395
3. AI RESEARCH IN MODELING 399
4. MODELING PROBLEMS IN PLANT CONTROL 399
5. MODELLING PLANT GOALS AND FUNCTIONS 403
6. CONCLUSIONS 409
7. REFERENCES 409
CHAPTER 62. Risk-Conscious Operation of Batch Processes 412
1. Introduction 412
2. Proposed Approach 412
3. A Simple Demonstration Example 413
4. A Structural Mismatch Example 415
5. Discussion 416
6. REFERENCES 416
CHAPTER 63. SYNTHESIS OF PROCEDURAL CONTROLLERS FOR BATCH CHEMICAL PROCESSES 418
1. INTRODUCTION 418
2. PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS AND NOTATION 419
3. SUPERVISORY CONTROL THEORY 419
4. EXAMPLE 420
5. NOTIONS OF PROCEDURAL CONTROL 421
6. THE EXAMPLE REVISITED 422
7. SYNTHESIS PROCEDURE 423
8. CONCLUSION 423
9. REFERENCES 423
CHAPTER 64. TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF A BATCH ESTERIFICATION REACTOR OVERCOMING NON-LINEARITIES USING ADAPTIVE GAIN 424
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT 424
2. DIRECT CONTROLLER 425
3. MASTER-SLAVE CONTROL STRUCTURE 425
4. GAIN SCHEDULING 426
5. SPLIT RANGE CONTROL 428
6. IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS 429
7. REFERENCES 429
CHAPTER 65. TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF A BATCH REACTOR BY ON-LINE IDENTIFICATION OF A VAPOR PRESSURE LAW 430
1. INTRODUCTION 430
2. PROCESS OPERATION AND MODEL DESCRIPTION 431
3. ON-LINE IDENTIFICATION OF A VAPOR PRESSURE LAW 431
4. THERMAL CONTROL TROUGH PRESSURE BY ON-LINE IDENTIFICATION OF A VAPOR PRESSURE LAW 433
5. CONCLUSIONS 435
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 435
REFERENCES 435
CHAPTER 66. EFFECT OF MODEL UNCERTAINTY ON THE TENDENCY MODELING, OPTIMIZATION AND CONTROL OF BATCH REACTORS 436
1. INTRODUCTION 436
2. TENDENCY MODELING, OPTIMIZATION AND CONTROL 436
3. RESULTS 438
4. CONCLUSIONS 442
5. REFERENCES 442
CHAPTER 67. Nonlinear Inferential Parallel Cascade Control 444
INTRODUCTION 444
NONLINEAR INFERENTIAL PARALLEL CASCADE CONTROL (NIPCC) 445
ILLUSTRATION OF NIPCC 446
CONCLUSIONS 449
REFERENCES 449
CHAPTER 68. NONLINEAR OBSERVER DESIGN WITH APPLICATION TO CHEMICAL REACTORS 450
1. INTRODUCTION 450
2. PRELIMINARIES 451
3. NONLINEAR OBSERVER DESIGN APPROACH 452
4. APPLICATION TO CHEMICAL REACTORS 453
5. CONCLUSIONS 455
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 455
7. REFERENCES 455
CHAPTER 69. pH CONTROL IN THE PRESENCE OF PRECIPITATION EQUILIBRIA 456
1. INTRODUCTION 456
2. PRECIPITATION EQUILIBRIA 456
3. PRECIPITATION IN THE PRESENCE OF ACIDS AND BASES 457
4. A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR PRECIPITATION PROCESSES 458
5. CONTROL STRUCTURE 459
6. COMPUTER SIMULATIONS 460
8. REFERENCES 461
CHAPTER 70. PARTITIONING-SPACE APPROACH FOR NONLINEAR PROCESS CONTROL 462
1. INTRODUCTION 462
2. SYSTEM PARTITIONING 463
3. CONTROLLER DESIGN 464
4. APPLICATIONS 465
5. CONCLUSION 467
5. REFERENCES 467
CHAPTER 71. LIMITATIONS TO INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS OF CASCADE CONTROL OF UNSTABLE CHEMICAL REACTORS 468
1. INTRODUCTION 468
2. CSTR MODELING EQUATIONS 468
3. CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 469
4. CONCLUSION 472
5. REFERENCES 472
APPENDIX 472
CHAPTER 72. AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF CHEMICAL REACTORS AT UNSTABLE STEADY-STATES 474
1. INTRODUCTION 474
2. TUNING TECHNIQUE 474
3. APPLICATIONS 476
4. LIMITS AND EXTENSIONS OF THE TUNING PROCEDURE 478
5. CONCLUSION 479
6. REFERENCES 479
CHAPTER 73. MULTIVARIABLE QUALITY CONTROL OF A CRUDE OIL FRACTIONATOR 480
INTRODUCTION 480
PROCESS DESCRIPTION 481
THE CRUDE FRACTIONATOR CONTROL PROBLEM 481
THE CONTROLLER EQUATIONS 482
THE OPEN-LOOP DYNAMICS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC FRACTIONATOR 483
PLANT RESULTS 484
REFERENCES 485
CONCLUSION 485
CHAPTER 74. COMPOSITION ESTIMATORS FOR A DISTILLATION COLUMN: THEORY AND EXPERIMENTS 486
1. INTRODUCTION 486
2. THE MODELS 487
3. EXPERIMENTAL DATA 489
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 489
5. CONCLUSION 490
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 491
REFERENCES 491
CHAPTER 75. PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF REBOILER AND CONDENSER HOLDUP ON THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF DISTILLATION COLUMNS 492
1 INTRODUCTION 492
2. THE RIGOROUS MODEL 493
3. THE PROPOSED SIMPLIFIED METHOD 493
4 "DECOUPLED" COLUMNS 494
5. INTERNAL FLOW CHANGES 495
6. TIME CONSTANT PREDICTION WITH "NON ACTIVE" HOLD-UPS 496
7 ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED WITH THE PROPOSED METHOD 497
REFERENCES 498
CHAPTER 76. Development and Experimental Verification of a Simulation Tool for Column Startup 500
1. INTRODUCTION 500
2. SIMULATION MODEL 501
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE COLUMN 501
4. EXPERIMENTS 502
5. RESULTS 504
6. CONCLUSION 505
7. REFERENCES 505
8. NOMENCLATURE 505
CHAPTER 77. VERIFICATION OF A DISTILLATION COLUMN BENCHMARK 506
1. INTRODUCTION 506
2. PLANT DESCRIPTION 506
3. MODELLING ASSUMPTIONS 507
4. VALIDATION 508
5. CONCLUSIONS 511
6. REFERENCES 511
AUTHOR INDEX 512