Impinging-Stream Reactors (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Impinging-Stream Reactors: Fundamentals and Applications 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
PREFACE 6
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 8
Chapter 0. Impinging streams - a humorous introduction 20
Essence 20
Origin 20
Artistic demonstrations 21
Concluding remarks 23
Chapter 1. Why write this book? 25
Chapter 2. Analysis of process improvement and origin of impinging streams 29
2.1 Efficiency indices of transfer processes 29
2.2 Processes improvement based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes 38
2.3 Characteristics of impinging streams 43
2.4 Verification of intensification effects in impinging streams 47
Nomenclature 56
Chapter 3. Classification and configurations of impinging-stream reactors 59
NOMENCLATURE 68
Chapter 4. Single-phase impinging streams 69
4.1 Flow visualization and its characteristics 70
4.2 Velocity field in laminar impinging streams 78
4.3 Velocity distribution in impinging streams-experimental results 86
4.4 Turbulent impinging streams 92
4.5 Applications of single-phase impinging streams 94
Nomenclature 103
Chapter 5. The behavior of a single particle 105
5.1 Motion of a single particle in the absence of a gravitational force 106
5.2 Investigations of motion of a particle in the absence of a gravitational force 119
5.3 motion of a single particle in the presence of a gravitational force 129
5.4 Design considerations 143
Nomenclature 151
Chapter 6. The behavior of a multiparticle system 154
6.1 Experimental observations 154
6.2 The effect of particle concentration 160
6.3 The effect of interparticle collisions 167
6.4 Markov-chain analysis of particle behavior in gas-solid suspensions 176
6.5 Analysis of particle behavior in solid-liquid suspensions 234
Nomenclature 242
Chapter 7. Heat transfer and drying 246
7.1 Modeling of heat transfer enhancement 247
7.2 Models for heat transfer to a particle 262
7.3 Heat transfer characteristics of impinging-stream dryers 270
7.4 Industrial applications of ISD 276
7.5 Measurement of heat transfer coefficients 289
7.6 Design considerations for impinging streams 339
Nomenclature 340
Chapter 8. Combustion processes 344
8.1 Basic flow configurations 345
8.2 Combustion of gas 349
8.3 Combustion of droplets and particles 363
8.4 Practical impinging-stream combustors 389
Nomenclature 409
Chapter 9. Solid-liquid processes 413
9.1 Dissolution of solids 414
9.2 Ion exchange 463
9.3 Electrochemical mass transfer 470
Nomenclature 474
Chapter 10. Solid-gas processes 477
10.1 Mixing 477
10.2 Size reduction and classification 508
10.3 Enrichment of phosphate 518
10.4 Production of solid pigments 533
10.5 Milling-roasting-reduction of iron oxide depleted ores 535
10.6 Plasma-jet processes 536
10.7 Dust collection and granulation 539
Nomenclature 597
Chapter 11. Liquid-gas processes 604
11.1 Absorption and desorption of gases 604
11.2 Evaporative cooling of air 663
Nomenclature 679
Chapter 12. Liquid-liquid processes 683
12.1 Extraction 683
12.2 Creation of emulsions by impinging streams 707
Nomenclature 711
Chapter 13. Scaleup and correlation of the hydrodynamics, mean residence time and holdup of impinging-stream reactors 713
13.1 Dimensional analysis and scaleup 713
13.2 Hydrodynamics 717
13.3 Particle mean residence time and holdup and their scaleup 738
Nomenclature 750
References 753
Index 774