Dynamics and Control of Chemical Reactors, Distillation Columns and Batch Processes (DYCORD+ '92) (eBook)

Front Cover 
1 
Dynamics and Control of Chemical Reactors, Distillation Columns and Batch Processes: (Dycord+' 92) 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
3rd IFAC SYMPOSIUM ON DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF CHEMICAL REACTORS, DISTILLATION COLUMNS AND BATCH PROCESSES (DYCORD+ '92) 6
INTRODUCTION 8
PART I: SURVEY PAPERS 14
CHAPTER 1.STABILITY CRITERIA FOR CHEMICAL REACTORS 14
Abstract 14
Keywords 14
INTRODUCTION 14
STABILITY CRITERION FOR A BATCH REACTOR 14
STABILITY CRITERION FOR A CSTR 16
STABILITY CRITERION FOR A TUBULAR REACTOR 17
STABILITY CRITERION FOR A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR 18
STABILITY CRITERION FOR A TUBULAR CATALYTIC REACTOR 19
STABILITY CRITERIA FOR AUTOTHERMAL REACTORS 21
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 23
Acknowledgement 23
REFERENCES 23
CHAPTER 2. DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF DISTILLATION COLUMNS – A CRITICAL SURVEY 24
Abstract 24
1 Introduction 24
2 Dynamic modeling and simulation 25
3 Control 32
4 Identification 40
5 Complex dynamic behavior for simple columns with ideal thermodynamics 41
6 Dynamics and control for more complex cases 42
7 Needs for future work 43
Appendix 1. Derivation of constant molar flows assumption 43
References 43
CHAPTER 3. MODELING AND CONTROL OF POLYMERIZATION REACTORS 50
Abstract 50
Keywords 50
INTRODUCTION 50
POLYMERIZATION PROCESS MODELING 50
POLYMERIZATION PROCESS MONITORING 54
POLYMERIZATION PROCESS CONTROL 55
CONCLUDING REMARKS 56
REFERENCES 56
CHAPTER 4. MODELING AND CONTROL OF MICROELECTRONICS MATERIALS PROCESSING 60
Abstract 60
Keywords 60
INTRODUCTION 60
LPCVD REACTORS 62
PLASMA ETCH MODELING 64
PROCESS CONTROL OF DEPOSITION 65
PROCESS CONTROL OF PLASMA ETCHING 66
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 67
CONCLUSIONS 67
REFERENCES 67
PART II: CHEMICAL REACTORS MODELLING, ESTIMATION AND CONTROL 70
CHAPTER 5. COMPUTER-AIDED ANALYSIS OF IONIC REACTION SYSTEMS 70
Abstract 70
Keywords 70
INTRODUCTION 70
METHODOLOGY 71
THERMODYNAMIC ARGUMENTS 72
ESTIMATION OF PROPERTIES OF IONIC INTERMEDIATES 73
CONCLUSIONS 74
REFERENCES 75
CHAPTER 6. 
76 
Abstract 76
1. 
76 
2. NEURAL NETWORKS WITH RADIAL BASIS FUNCTIONS 76
3. NONLINEAR TIME SERIES MODELS 77
4. MULTIVARIABLE CHEMICAL REACTOR SYSTEM 78
5. NONLINEAR INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS OF THE REACTOR SYSTEM 78
6. CONCLUSIONS 80
REFERENCES 81
CHAPTER 7. 
82 
Abstract 82
Keywords 82
1 Introduction 82
2 Problem Description 82
3 Simulated Runs 83
4 The Feedback Structure 83
5 Compared Networks 84
6 Training Strategy 85
7 Results 85
8 Conclusions 87
References 87
CHAPTER 8. 
88 
Abstract 88
Keywords 88
INTRODUCTION 88
STATE-SPACE MODELING 88
FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING 89
RESIDUAL CATALYTIC CRACKING 91
CONCLUSION 93
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 93
REFERENCES 93
CHAPTER 9. 
94 
Abstract 94
Keywords 94
Introduction 94
CSD Measurements 94
Process Dynamics 95
Experimental 96
Results 96
Conclusions 97
Acknowledgements 97
References 97
CHAPTER 10. 
100 
Abstract 100
Keywords 100
INTRODUCTION 100
SYSTEM MODELLING 101
ON THE CONTROL GOAL 102
SENSOR LOCATION PROBLEM 102
OBSERVER DESIGN 102
SIMULATION STUDY 103
CONCLUDING REMARKS 103
REFERENCES 104
CHAPTER 11. 
106 
Abstract 106
1 Introduction 106
2 Data Re-sampling 107
3 Neural Net PLS Modeling 108
4 Variable Selection 109
5 Applications 110
6 Conclusion 110
References 111
CHAPTER 12. 
112 
Abstract 112
Keywords 112
1. INTRODUCTION 112
2. PROCESS 112
3. METHOD 113
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 114
5. CONCLUSIONS 116
REFERENCES 116
APPENDIX 117
CHAPTER 13. 
118 
Abstract 118
Keywords 118
INTRODUCTION 118
PILOT PLANT BRIEF DESCRIPTION 118
MTO KINETIC ANALYSIS AND FLUID-BED REACTOR MODEL 119
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE 120
DISCUSSION 121
REFERENCES 121
CHAPTER 14. 
124 
ABSTRACT 124
KEYWORDS 124
1.0 INTRODUCTION. 124
2.0 NEURAL NETS AND PROCESS MODELLING 124
3.0 CONTROL ALGORITHMS 125
4.0 CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR 126
5.0 SIMULATION RESULTS 126
6.0 CONCLUSIONS 127
REFERENCES 127
CHAPTER 15. 
130 
Abstract 130
Keywords 130
INTRODUCTION 130
THE FERROSILICON PROCESS 130
MODEL OF THE SILICON PROCESS 133
A MODELBASED CONTROL STRATEGY 134
CONCLUSION 136
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 136
REFERENCES 136
CHAPTER 16. NONLINEAR ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF A CHEMICAL REACTOR USING SINGULAR PERTURBATION TECHNIQUES 138
ABSTRACT 138
KEYWORDS 138
1. INTRODUCTION 138
2. THE SINGULAR PERTURBATION METHODOLOGY 138
3. ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS 139
4. ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF NONLINEAR SINGULARLY PERTURBED SYSTEMS 140
5. APPLICATION TO THE CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR 141
6. ANALYSIS OF THE NUMERICAL RESULTS 142
7. CONCLUSIONS 142
REFERENCES 142
CHAPTER 17. 
144 
Abstract 144
Key words 144
INTRODUCTION 144
APPROXIMATE LINEARIZATION TECHNIQUES 144
EXAMPLE # 1 - VAN DE VUSSE KINETICS 147
EXAMPLE # 2 - REVERSIBLE FIRST ORDER REACTIONS 148
DISCUSSION 148
References 149
CHAPTER 18. 
150 
Abstract 150
Keywords 150
INTRODUCTION 150
EXACT INPUT/OUTPUT LINEARIZATION 152
ASYMPTOTICALLY EXACT I/O LINEARIZATION 152
REFERENCES 155
CHAPTER 19. 
156 
Abstract 156
Keywords 156
1. INTRODUCTION 156
2. DYNAMICAL MODEL OF STIRRED TANK REACTORS 157
3. ADAPTIVE LINEARIZING CONTROL OF NON-ISOTHERMAL STIRRED TANK REACTORS 157
4. SIMULATION RESULTS 160
5. CONCLUSIONS 161
REFERENCES 161
CHAPTER 20. 
162 
Abstract 162
Keywords 162
INTRODUCTION 162
DYNAMIC MODELS 163
STABILITY ANALYSIS 164
CASCADE CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 165
SUMMARY 166
Acknowledgement 166
REFERENCES 166
APPENDIX 167
CHAPTER 21. 
168 
Abstract 168
INTRODUCTION 168
PROCESS, CONTROL AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS 168
IMC STRUCTURE A N D IMPLEMENTATION 169
CONTROLLER RECONFIGURATION 171
CONCLUSIONS 172
REFERENCES 172
CHAPTER 22. 
174 
Abstract 174
Keywords 174
INTRODUCTION 174
PROCESS DESCRIPTION 174
REACTOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL PROBLEM 175
ESTIMATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT 176
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 177
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 179
REFERENCES 179
CHAPTER 23. 
180 
Abstract 180
Keywords 180
INTRODUCTION 180
PROCESS MODELING 180
PREPOLYMERIZATION PROCESS 182
FINISHING POLYMERIZATION PROCESS 183
CONCLUSIONS 184
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 184
REFERENCES 184
CHAPTER 24. 
186 
Abstract 186
Keywords 186
INTRODUCTION 186
OPTIMAL GRADE TRANSITION TRAJECTORIES 187
ON-LINE PRODUCT PROPERTY CONTROL 187
SUMMARY 189
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 189
REFERENCES 189
CHAPTER 25. 
192 
Abstract 192
Keywords 192
1 Introduction 192
2 Control strategies 192
3 Evaluation of the strategies 193
4 Discussion 195
Acknowledgment 196
5 References 196
Appendix A The polypropene reactor system 196
PART III: DISTILLATION COLUMNS MODELLING, ESTIMATION AND CONTROL 198
CHAPTER 26. 
198 
Abstract 198
Keywords 198
INTRODUCTION 198
MODELLING APPROACH 198
MODEL ANALYSIS 200
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 202
CONCLUSIONS 205
REFERENCES 205
CHAPTER 27. 
206 
ABSTRACT 206
KEYWORDS 206
INTRODUCTION 206
METHODOLOGY 208
ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE CONTROL SCHEMES 209
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 210
Acknowledgements 210
REFERENCES 212
CHAPTER 28. 
214 
Abstract 214
1 Introduction 214
2 Results on Steady-State Multiplicity in Ideal Distillation 214
3 Open-Loop Dynamics and Instability for LwV-configuration 215
4 Effect of Multiplicity and Instability on Column Operation 216
5 Other Bifurcation Parameters 217
6 Instability with the DwV-Configuration 217
7 Conclusions 219
NOMENCLATURE 219
References 219
CHAPTER 29. 
220 
Abstract 220
Keywords 220
INTRODUCTION 220
CONTROL STRUCTURES IN DISTILLATION CONTROL 220
PARAMETRIZATION OF THE DRD STRUCTURE 221
STABILITY AND ROBUSTNESS OF THE STATIC DRD STRUCTURE 222
DYNAMIC EXTENSION OF THE DRD STRUCTURE 223
SENSITIVITY 224
CONCLUSIONS 224
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 224
NOTATION 224
REFERENCES 224
CHAPTER 30. 
226 
Abstract 226
Keywords 226
INTRODUCTION 226
PLANT DESCRIPTION 226
ACTUATOR CONFIGURATION 228
CONCLUSIONS 231
REFERENCES 231
CHAPTER 31. 
232 
Abstract 232
Keywords 232
INTRODUCTION 232
SYSTEM STUDIED 233
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 233
STEADY-STATE ANALYSIS 233
EIGENSTRUCTURE STUDIES 235
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS 235
CONCLUSION 237
REFERENCES 237
CHAPTER 32. 
238 
Abstract 238
Keywords 238
1. INTRODUCTION 238
2. INPUT-OUTPUT NONLINEAR DYNAMIC LEFT-INVERSION 238
3. THE MODEL OF THE COLUMN 239
4. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 240
5. ANALYSIS OF DISTILLATION CONTROL CONFIGURATIONS 240
6. CONCLUSIONS 242
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 242
CHAPTER 33. 
244 
Abstract 244
Keywords 244
THE PROCESS 244
THE BILINEAR MODEL AND LINE ARIZ .... 244
MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROLLER 245
PI CONTROLLER 246
COMPARISON OF CONTROLLERS 247
CONCLUSION 247
REFERENCES 247
CHAPTER 34. 
250 
Abstract 250
Keywords 250
Objective 250
Conclusion 255
References 255
CHAPTER 35. 
256 
Abstract 256
Keywords 256
INTRODUCTION 256
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODELS 257
NONLINEAR PREDICTIVE CONTROL USING NEURAL NETWORKS 257
APPLICATION TO A BINARY DISTILLATION COLUMN 259
CONCLUDING REMARKS 260
REFERENCES 260
CHAPTER 36. 
262 
Abstract 262
Keywords 262
INTRODUCTION 262
THE BILINEAR CARIMA MODEL AND OUTPUT PREDICTION 262
THE LONG-RANGE PREDICTIVE CONTROL LAWS 263
BASIC PROPERTIES AND ROBUSTNESS 264
APPLICATION STUDY 265
CONCLUSIONS 267
REFERENCES 267
CHAPTER 37. 
268 
Abstract 268
Keywords 268
INTRODUCTION 268
INTELLIGENCE 268
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 268
NEURAL INTELLIGENCE 269
CONTROL 270
ADAPTIVE CONTROL 270
NEURAL NETWORKS 270
COMBINING 271
APPLICATION FOR DISTILLATION 271
CONCLUSION 272
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 272
REFERENCES 272
PART IV: BATCH PROCESSES MODELLING AND CONTROL 274
CHAPTER 38. 
274 
ABSTRACT 274
KEYWORDS 274
DED SYSTEMS-THE NEW WAVE? 274
WHAT ARE DEDS? 274
BASIC STRUCTURE OF DEDSs 275
DEDSs 276
THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENTS 276
APPLICATIONS 277
OPEN PROBLEMS, ANTICIPATED FUTURE DIRECTIONS 277
LITERATURE 278
CHAPTER 39. 
280 
Abstract 280
Keywords 280
Introduction 280
Background 280
Kinetics 280
Reactor Model 281
Optimal Temperature Profile 282
Conclusions 283
Acknowledgements 284
References 284
CHAPTER 40. 
286 
Abstract 286
keywords 286
Introduction 286
Sizing problem 286
Retrofitting 288
Synthesis problem 288
Intermediate storage tank 290
Conclusion 291
REFERENCES 291
CHAPTER 41. 
292 
Abstract 292
Key words 292
1 Introduction 292
2 Problems formulation 292
3 Incremental TFA 294
4 Simulated example 295
5 Conclusions 297
6 References 297
CHAPTER 42. 
298 
Abstract 298
Keywords 298
INTRODUCTION 298
AUTOMATIC TUNER THEORY 299
BAKERS' YEAST MODEL 299
ON-LINE RESULTS 300
CONCLUSIONS 301
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 301
NOMENCLATURE 301
REFERENCES 301
CHAPTER 43. 
304 
Abstract 304
Keywords 304
INTRODUCTION 304
EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS 305
THE DYNAMICAL MODEL 305
OPTIMIZATION METHODS 305
CONTROL 307
MODEL PARAMETER SENSITIVITY 309
CONCLUSIONS 309
REFERENCES 309
CHAPTER 44. 
310 
Abstract 310
Keywords 310
INTRODUCTION 310
PROBLEM DEFINITION 311
HEAT BALANCE 312
NEW CONTROL STRATEGY 312
SIMULATION 313
CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH 313
REFERENCES 313
CHAPTER 45. 
316 
Abstract 316
Keywords 316
INTRODUCTION 316
BATCH DISTILLATION AND NMPC 316
MODELING 317
CONTROL 318
OPTIMIZATION AND SIMULATION RESULTS 319
CONCLUSIONS 321
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 321
References 321
CHAPTER 46. 
322 
Abstract 322
Keywords 322
INTRODUCTION 322
MEMBRANE FILTRATION IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY 323
PROCESS MODEL 323
PROCESS DESCRIPTION 323
RESULTS OF DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION 324
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION AND PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS 324
ROBUSTNESS OF OPTIMAL OPERATION STRATEGIES 325
ECONOMIC EVALUATION 325
CONCLUSIONS 325
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 326
LIST OF SYMBOLS 326
REFERENCES 326
CHAPTER 47. 
328 
Abstract 328
Keywords 328
INTRODUCTION 328
PROBLEM DEFINITION 328
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY 329
KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION 329
KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION 329
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 330
OTHER ADVANCED SYSTEM FEATURES 331
EVALUATION 331
CONCLUSIONS 332
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 332
REFERENCES 332
PART V: GENERAL SYSTEMS. MODELLING, ESTIMATION AND CONTROL 334
CHAPTER 48. 
334 
Abstract 334
Keywords 334
INTRODUCTION 334
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS 335
NEURAL NETWORKS AND NONLINEAR IDENTIFICATION FOR SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION 336
A HYBRID SYSTEM IDENTIFIER 337
EXTENSIONS 338
A CONCLUDING REMARK 339
REFERENCES 339
CHAPTER 49. 
340 
Abstract 340
1 Introduction 340
2 Integrated Neural Network (INN) Models 341
3 Case Study: A Complex Chemical Reactor System 342
4 Results 344
5 Conclusions 345
6 References 345
CHAPTER 50. 
346 
Abstract 346
Keywords 346
1. INTRODUCTION 346
2. TIME DELAY COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES 346
3. A NEW TIME DELAY COMPENSATION STRATEGY 348
4 . SIMULATION STUDY: CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR 349
5. CONCLUSIONS 350
REFERENCES 350
CHAPTER 51. 
352 
Abstract 352
Keywords 352
1 INTRODUCTION 352
2 BACKGROUND 352
3 PROCESSES WITH VARIABLE FLOW AND CON STANTVOLUME 353
4 PROCESSES WITH VARIABLE VOLUME AND FLOW - ARBITRARY FLOW PATTERN 354
5 PERFECT MIXERS WITH VARIABLE VOLUME AND FLOW 355
6 TRACKING OF FLOW PATTERN DATA 356
7 DISCUSSION 357
REFERENCES 357
CHAPTER 52. 
358 
Abstract 358
Keywords 358
1 Introduction 358
2 State Estimation NLQDMC 358
3 Illustration 360
4 Stability Analysis 361
5 Conclusions 363
Acknowledgements 363
References 363
CHAPTER 53. 
364 
Abstract 364
Keywords 364
INTRODUCTION 364
RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION MODELS OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS 364
AN IDENTIFICATION METHOD BASED ON RECIPROCAL MULTIQUADRIC FUNCTIONS 365
A NONLINEAR PREDICTIVE CONTROL STRATEGY BASED ON RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION NETWORKS 366
AN RBF NETWORK NONLINEAR PREDICTIVE CONTROLLER 366
SIMULATION STUDIES 367
CONCLUSIONS 368
REFERENCES 368
CHAPTER 54. 
370 
Abstract 370
Keywords 370
INTRODUCTION 370
EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM -THEORETICAL MODEL 371
LAGUERRE NETWORK -ROBUST CONTROLLER DESIGN 371
QUANTIFICATION OF MODELLING ERROR - CLOSED-LOOP RESULTS 372
CONCLUSIONS 374
REFERENCES 374
CHAPTER 55. 
376 
Abstract 376
Keywords 376
1. INTRODUCTION 376
2.FAULT DETECTION PROBLEM FORMULATION 377
3.DECISION SUPPORT FAULT DETECTION PROCEDURE 377
4. IMPLEMENTATION 378
REFERENCES 378
AUTHOR INDEX 380
KEYWORD INDEX 382