Pollutants Generated by the Combustion of Solid Biomass Fuels (eBook)
XVI, 109 Seiten
Springer London (Verlag)
978-1-4471-6437-1 (ISBN)
This is followed by details of the methods used for characterisation of biomass and their classification.
The various steps in the combustion mechanisms are given together with a compilation of the kinetic data. The chemical mechanisms for the formation of the pollutants: NOx, smoke and unburned hydrocarbons, SOx, Cl compounds, and particulate metal aerosols are given in detail. Combustion kinetics required for the application for design purposes are given. Examples are given of emission levels of a range different types of combustion equipment. Data is given of NOx, particulates and other pollutant arising from combustion of different fuels in fixed bed combustion, fluidized bed combustion and pulverised biomass combustion and co-firing. Modeling methods including computational fluid dynamics for the various pollutants are outlined. The consequential issues arising from the wide scale use of biomass and future trends are then discussed. In particular the role of carbon capture and storage in large biomass combustion plants is considered as well as the opportunity of reducing the concentration of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide.
This book considers the pollutants formed by the combustion of solid biomass fuels. The availability and potential use of solid biofuels is first discussed because this is the key to the development of biomass as a source of energy.This is followed by details of the methods used for characterisation of biomass and their classification.The various steps in the combustion mechanisms are given together with a compilation of the kinetic data. The chemical mechanisms for the formation of the pollutants: NOx, smoke and unburned hydrocarbons, SOx, Cl compounds, and particulate metal aerosols are given in detail. Combustion kinetics required for the application for design purposes are given. Examples are given of emission levels of a range different types of combustion equipment. Data is given of NOx, particulates and other pollutant arising from combustion of different fuels in fixed bed combustion, fluidized bed combustion and pulverised biomass combustion and co-firing. Modeling methods including computational fluid dynamics for the various pollutants are outlined. The consequential issues arising from the wide scale use of biomass and future trends are then discussed. In particular the role of carbon capture and storage in large biomass combustion plants is considered as well as the opportunity of reducing the concentration of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide.
Foreword 6
Preface 7
Acknowledgments 9
Contents 10
1 Introduction to Biomass Combustion 15
Abstract 15
1.1 The Role of Biomass Combustion in World Energy 15
1.2 Resources—Supply of Biomass 19
References 20
2 Combustion of Solid Biomass: Classification of Fuels 22
Abstract 22
2.1 Methods of Utilisation 22
2.2 Forms of Solid Biomass Fuels 28
2.3 Types of Solid Biomass Fuels and Their Classification 30
2.4 Characterisation by Chemical Analysis 32
2.5 Characterisation by TGA, PY-GC-MS and FTIR 34
References 36
3 The Combustion of Solid Biomass 38
Abstract 38
3.1 General Mechanism of Combustion 38
3.2 Particle Heating and Moisture Evaporation 41
3.3 Devolatilisation 42
3.4 Combustion of the Volatiles—Gases and Tars 47
3.5 Char Combustion 49
References 54
4 Pollutant Formation and Health Effects 57
Abstract 57
4.1 General Feature of Pollutants Arising from Biomass Combustion 57
4.2 Smoke, UBH, Volatiles, PAH and Odour 58
4.3 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Other Nitrogenous Pollutants 65
4.4 Sulphur, Chlorine Compounds and Dioxins 69
4.5 Metals, K–Cl–S Chemistry and Aerosol Emissions 70
References 72
5 Emissions from Different Types of Combustors and Their Control 74
Abstract 74
5.1 Emissions from Biomass Combustion 74
5.2 Emissions from Fixed and Travelling Bed Combustors 75
5.3 Emissions from Large Industrial Combustion Plant 79
5.4 Wild Fires 80
References 80
6 Mathematical Modelling 82
Abstract 82
6.1 Modelling Biomass Combustion Using Computational Fluid Dynamics 82
6.1.1 Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations 85
6.1.2 Turbulence-Chemistry Interactions 88
6.2 Modelling Pulverised Biomass Particle Combustion 90
6.2.1 Particle Motion 90
6.2.2 Heat Transfer 95
6.2.3 Devolatilisation 96
6.2.4 Char Combustion 97
6.3 Modelling Pulverised Fuel Co-firing in Power Stations 98
6.4 Modelling Fixed Bed Combustion 102
6.5 Modelling Fluidised Bed Combustion 104
6.6 Modelling Pollutant Emissions 104
6.6.1 Nitrogen Oxides 104
6.6.2 SOX Emissions 105
6.6.3 Modelling Aerosol Pollutants 105
References 107
7 Biomass Combustion: Carbon Capture and Storage 109
Abstract 109
7.1 Introduction 109
7.2 Combustion with Air or Oxygen 110
7.3 Gasification 112
7.4 Chemical Looping 112
7.5 Carbon Capture and Storage 113
References 113
Appendix A: Calculation of Flue Gas Composition 115
Appendix B: Gaseous Emissions Conversion Table 117
Appendix C: Physical and Thermal Properties of Biomass 118
Erscheint lt. Verlag | 4.11.2014 |
---|---|
Reihe/Serie | SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology | SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology |
Zusatzinfo | XVI, 109 p. 38 illus. |
Verlagsort | London |
Sprache | englisch |
Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Ökologie / Naturschutz |
Naturwissenschaften ► Geowissenschaften | |
Technik ► Elektrotechnik / Energietechnik | |
Schlagworte | air pollution and air quality • Combustion Kinetics • Emission Levels • Modeling Methods for Pollutants • Pollutants from Combustion • Solid Biomass Fuels |
ISBN-10 | 1-4471-6437-7 / 1447164377 |
ISBN-13 | 978-1-4471-6437-1 / 9781447164371 |
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