Speech Motor Control (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Lay Theories: Everyday Understanding of Problems in the Social Sciences 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 12
Dedication 6
Foreword 8
Chapter 1. Lay and Scientific Theories 16
1.1 Introduction 16
1.2 Differences between "lay" and "Scientific" theories 17
1.3 The study of lay theorise of human behaviour 22
1.4 Some Definitional Distinctions 28
1.5 How does one measur, assess or investigate tlay theories 31
1.6 Conclusion 34
Chapter 2. Common Sense and Human Nature 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Common senes 39
2.3 Human nature 48
2.4 Two approaches to understanding lay theories (world views, cognitive systems) 53
2.5 Information gathering and hypothesis testing 57
2.6 Conclusion 61
Chapter 3. Lay Theories in Psychology 62
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 Knowledge of psychological principles 65
3.3 Changes over time 71
3.4 Personality and individual differences 76
3.5 Intelligence 80
3.6 Conclusion 86
Chapter 4. Lay Theories in Psychiatry 88
4.1 Introduction 88
4.2 Attitudes to, and concepts of, mentla healht 89
4.3 Attributions for addiction 93
4.4 Explanations for depression 104
4.5 Explanations for neuroticism 108
4.6 The Attribution of cure 112
4.7 Conclusion 118
Chapter 5. Lay Theories in Medicine 120
5.1 Introduction 120
5.2 Cultural determinants of health beliefs 122
5.3 Health beliefs 125
5.4 Doctor–patient communication 128
5.5 Specific beliefs 132
5.6 Lay theories of specific illnesses 134
5.7 Conclusion 138
Chapter 6. Lay Theories in Economics 140
6.1 Introduction 140
6.2 Developmental studies 143
6.3 Studies on adult economic beliefs 145
6.4 Conclusion 163
Chapter 7. Lay Theories in Statistics 165
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 The failure of intuition 166
7.3 Lay psychometrics 169
7.4 Gambling 174
7.5 Limitations and artefacts of the current research 177
7.6 Conclusion 179
Chapter 8. Lay Theories in Law 181
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 Attribution theory 182
8.3 Lay theories of delinquency and deviance 185
8.4 Theories of justice 189
8.5 Attitudse to punishment 192
8.6 Legal reasoning 195
8.7 Fear of crime 196
8.8 Is there a criminal type? 199
8.9 The police the public and crime 201
8.10 Conclusion 202
Chapter 9. Lay Theories in Education 204
9.1 Introduction 204
9.2 Common sense 207
9.3 Divergent perspectives 208
9.4 Teacher expectations: fulfilling prophesies and confirming theories 211
9.5 Parents' beliefs 215
9.6 Pupils' perceptions and expectations 217
9.7 Beliefs about the causes of success and failure 219
9.8 Conclusion 220
Chapter 10. Conclusion 222
10.1 Introduction 222
10.2 A terminologlical note 224
10.3 Common sense 226
10.4 Constructionism and ethnomethodology 227
10.5 Current research concerns 228
10.6 Amateurs, hobbyists and avocational scientists 231
10.7 The lay psychometrician 232
10.8 Lay theories and memory 232
10.9 Errors in lay thinking: the art of doubt 233
10.10 The self-presentation of lay theories 236
10.11 The communication of scientific information to non-scientists 238
10.12 Selling and marketing pet theories 238
10.13 Choosing, using and formulating theories 241
References 242
Index 262