Heterogeneous Combustion (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Heterogeneous Combustion 6
Copyright Page 7
Table of Contents 14
THE PROPELLANTS AND COMBUSTION COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS 8
PREFACE 10
PART I: COMBUSTION AND IGNITIONOF METALS 18
CHAPTER 1. TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF COMBUSTION OF BERYLLIUM AND ALUMINUM PARTICLES 20
Abstract 20
Introduction 21
1. Ignition of Beryllium 21
2. Photographic Study of Particle Combustion 23
References 25
CHAPTER 2. STUDY OF QUENCHED ALUMINUM PARTICLE COMBUSTION 34
Abstract 34
Introduction 34
Experimental 35
Selected Examples of Residue Observations 38
Discussion 40
References 45
CHAPTER 3. SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF METAL COMBUSTION 58
Abstract 58
Introduction 59
Experimental Apparatus and Procedure 59
Experimental Results 60
Discussion 65
Combustion of Metal ParticlesIn a Hot Oxidizing Atmosphere 66
Conclusions 77
References 77
CHAPTER 4. VAPOR-PHASE DIFFUSION FLAMES IN THE COMBUSTION OF MAGNESIUM AND ALUMINUM: I. ANALYTICAL DEVELOPMENTS 92
Abstract 92
Nomenclatur 93
Introduction 94
The Model 95
Governing Equations 97
Solution of the Full Governing Equations 113
Summary 122
References 123
CHAPTER 5. VAPOR-PHASE DIFFUSION FLAMES IN THE COMBUSTION OF MAGNESIUM AND ALUMINUM : II. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS IN OXYGEN ATMOSPHERES 134
Abstract 134
Nomenclature 135
Introduction 135
Experimental Apparatus and Procedure 136
Experimental Results for Aluminum 151
Conclusions 164
References 165
CHAPTER 6. VAPOR-PHASE DIFFUSION FLAMES IN THE COMBUSTION OF MAGNESIUM AND ALUMINUM: III. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS IN CARBON DIOXIDE ATMOSPHERES 176
Abstract 176
Introduction 177
Experimental Apparatus and Procedure 177
Experimental Results for Magnesium 186
Conclusions 189
References 190
CHAPTER 7. ANALYSIS OF A DILUTE DIFFUSION FLAME MAINTAINED BY HETEROGENEOUS REACTION 194
Abstract 194
Nomenclature 195
Introduction 196
Simplifying Assumptions 197
Analysis 199
Discussion 204
References 213
CHAPTER 8. COMBUSTION OF ELEMENTAL BORON WITH FLUORINE 220
Abstract 220
Introduction 221
Microbalance Experiments 222
Mass Spectrometer Experiments 227
Summary 229
References 231
CHAPTER 9. OXIDATION OF GRAPHITE, MOLYBDENUM, AND TUNGSTENAT 1000°TO 1600°C 244
Abstract 244
Introduction 244
Theoretical 245
Experimental 249
Results 250
Discussion 255
Conclusions 257
References 258
CHAPTER 10. COMBUSTION OF PYROLYTIC BORON NITRIDE 268
Abstract 268
Nomenclature 268
Introduction 269
Results 279
References 283
CHAPTER 11. COMBUSTION AND DISINTEGRATION OF ZIRCONIUM HYDRIDE-URANIUM FUEL RODS DURING ATMOSPHERIC RE-ENTRY 296
Abstract 296
Introduction 296
Experimental Program 297
Conclusions 305
References 306
PART II: HIGH-ENERGYPROPELLANT COMBUSTION 326
CHAPTER 12. A BRIEF REVIEW ON THE COMBUSTION OF BORON HYDRIDES 328
Abstract 328
References 333
13. CHARACTERISTICS OF DIBORANE FLAMES 344
Abstract 344
Introduction 345
Experimental 345
Appearance of Flame 346
Burning Velocities 347
Spectra of Flames 348
Discussion 349
References 353
CHAPTER 14. MECHANISM AND CHEMICAL INHIBITION OFTHE DIBORANE-OXYGEN REACTION 362
Abstract 362
Introduction 362
Apparatus 363
Pyrolysis of Diborane 366
Shock Tube Inhibition Studies 370
Inhibition of Diborane-Air Flames 373
Conclusions 374
References 377
CHAPTER 15. OXIDATION OF DIETHYLDIBORANE 392
Abstract 392
Introduction 392
Materials and Experimental Procedures 393
Experimental Results 395
Discussion 398
References 399
CHAPTER 16. REACTION OF PENTABORANE AND HYDRAZINE AND THE STRUCTURE OP THE ADDUCT 408
Abstract 408
Introduction 408
Experimental Procedure 409
Thermal Decomposition of the Insoluble Adduct 412
References 413
CHAPTER 17. MECHANISM OF PYROLYSIS OF ALUMINUM ALKYLS 420
Abstract 420
1. Introduction 420
2. Pyrolysis of Aluminum Alky Is: Mechanisms 424
3. Pyrolysis of TPA 426
4. Pyrolysis of TEA 428
5. pyrolysis of TMA 432
6. Conclusion 433
References 433
CHAPTER 18. INHIBITION OF AFTERBURNING BY METAL COMPOUNDS 436
Abstract 436
Introduction 436
Characteristics of Afterburning 437
Inhibition Experiments 439
Discussion 442
References 449
PART Ill: EFFECT OF AERODYNAMICSON HETEROGENEOUS COMBUSTION 466
CHAPTER 19. INTRODUCTORY CONSIDERATIONS ON HYBRID ROCKET COMBUSTION 468
Abstract 468
Nomenclature 468
Introduction 470
General Considerations 471
Previous Analyses of Hybrid Combustion 472
Extension of Existing Theory 483
References 487
CHAPTER 20. FUNDAMENTALS OF HYBRIDBOUNDARY-LAYER COMBUSTION 502
Abstract 502
1. Introduction 502
2. The Hybrid Regression Rate Equation 504
3. The Flame Height Equation 505
4. Effects of Wall Mass Injection on Heat Transferand Boundary-Layer Growth 507
5. Simplified Regression Rate Equationfor Nonradiative Systems 508
6. Transient Behavior Caused by Thermal Lagin the Fuel Grain 509
7. Two-Dimensional Experimental Investigations 513
8. Application of the Regression Rate Theoryto a Cylindrical Grain 517
9. Experimental Investigation in a Tube Burner 520
10. Concluding Remarks 523
Appendix A: Determination of the Flame Positionin the Hybrid Boundary Layer 526
Appendix B: Thermal Lag in the Grain 527
Appendix C: Calculation of the Enthalpy Difference Between the Hybrid Flame and the Wall 529
References 531
CHAPTER 21. COMBUSTION DURING PERPENDICULAR FLOW 540
Abstract 540
Introduction 541
Experimental 545
Vapor-Vapor 546
Vapor-Slab 551
Spray (Vapor)-Grain 553
Discussion 557
References 561
CHAPTER 22. RESEARCH IN HYBRID COMBUSTION 576
Abstract 576
Introduction and Objectives 576
Experimental 577
Results 577
Discussion 580
Summary and Conclusions 586
References 586
CHAPTER 23. A POROUS PLUG BURNER TECHNIQUE FOR THE STUDY OF COMPOSITESOLID PROPELLANT DEFLAGRATION ON A FUNDAMENTAL LEVEL ANDITS APPLICATION TO HYBRID ROCKET PROPULSION 600
Abstract 600
Background and Introduction 601
Experimental Program and Results 604
Conclusions 615
References 617
CHAPTER 24. PRODUCTION OF TRACE SPECIES IN BOUNDARY LAYERS 626
Abstract 626
I. Introduction 626
II. Governing Differential Equations 627
III. Transformation of Variables 628
IV. Mathematical Form: Boundary Conditions 629
V. Rigorous Properties of the Solution 631
VI. The Asymptotic Solution 632
VII. Approximate Methods of Solution 634
VIII. Total Flow Rate of a Trace Species 635
IX. Extension to Systems in which the Production Rates Depend Upon the Concentrations of the Trace Species 637
X. Calculation of Production Rates for Representative Basic Flows 638
References 645
CHAPTER 25. LAMINAR BOUNDARY -LAYER WEDGE FLOWS WITH EVAPORATION AND COMBUSTION 660
Abstract 660
Nomenclature 661
Introduction 662
Theoretical Model 663
Boundary-Layer Equations 664
Results 669
References 673
PART IV: CONDENSATION 682
CHAPTER 26. HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION IN CONDENSATION 684
Abstract 684
References 690
CHAPTER 27. HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION FROM SIMPLEAND COMPLEX SYSTEMS 694
Abstract 694
Introduction 695
Simple Nucleation 696
Complex Systems 702
Discussion 710
References 711
CHAPTER 28. CONDENSATION PHENOMENA. IN NOZZLES 718
Abstract 718
Nomenclature 718
Introduction 719
Properties of Nozzle Flows 721
Classification of Condensation Processes 727
Equations of Motion 730
Experimental Methods 733
References 734
CHAPTER 29. WATER VAPOR CONDENSATION AS AN EXPLANATION FOR THE GREAT APPARENT RADIANCE OF SUN-LIT HIGH-ALTITUDE ROCKET EXHAUST PLUMES 742
Abstract 742
Introduction 742
Discussion 743
Concluding Remarks 746
References 746
CHAPTER 30. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF NUCLEATION AND CONDENSATION 756
Abstract 756
Introduction 756
Mayer's Theory of Condensation 762
Experimental Methods 767
Observations with Expansion Nozzles 772
Time Lag in Nucleation 772
Foreign Nucleation 773
References 774
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 15 780