High Temperature Aspects of Hypersonic Flow (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The High Temperature Aspects of Hypersonic Flow 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contens 12
DEDICATION 6
FOREWORD 8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 10
CHAPTER 1. HYPERSONIC AERODYNAMIC PROBLEMS 
16 
SYMBOLS 16
1. INTRODUCTION 17
2. THE SUBSATELLITE-SPEED VEHICLE PROBLEMS 
17 
3. THE NEAR-EARTH SPACE VEHICLE PROBLEMS 
23 
4. THE DEEP SPACE VEHICLE —PROBLEMS OF THE FUTURE 32
REFERENCES 53
DISCUSSION 55
CHAPTER 2. UNSTEADY SHOCK PROPAGATION IN A 
58 
1. INTRODUCTION 58
DISCUSSION 61
REFERENCE 62
CHAPTER 3. THE EFFECTS OF VIBRATIONAL RELAXATION ON HYPERSONIC NOZZLE 
64 
PREFACE 64
PART I 64
1. INTRODUCTION 64
2. METHOD OF CALCULATION 65
3. RESULTS 70
4. DISCUSSION 71
5. ESTIMATION OF EQUILIBRIUM STATIC TEMPERATURE 
73 
6. ESTIMATION OF EQUILIBRIUM STAGNATION TEMPERATURE 
74 
CONCLUSIONS 75
PART II 75
1. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM 75
2. METHOD OF CALCULATION 77
3. DISCUSSION 78
REFERENCES 80
DISCUSSION 80
CHAPTER 4. ELECTRON-ION RECOMBINATION IN ARGON FLOWING THROUGH A 
82 
LIST OF SYMBOLS 82
1. INTRODUCTION 83
2. THERMODYNAMIG AND FLOW EQUATIONS 84
3. THE RATE EQUATION 85
4. OTHER POSSIBLE MECHANISMS FOR RECOMBINATION 88
5. ENERGY BALANCE FOR ELECTRONS 90
6. RESULTS OF NUMERICAL COMPUTATIONS 93
7. CONCLUSIONS 98
REFERENCES 99
DISCUSSION 100
CHAPTER 5. CHARACTERISTIC CALCULATION OF 
104 
1. INTRODUCTION 104
2. METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS 106
3. FLOW OVER A WEDGE 109
4. DISCUSSION 116
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 117
REFERENCES 117
DISCUSSION 117
CHAPTER 6. A SIMILITUDE FOR NON-EQUILIBRIUM 
120 
INTRODUCTION 120
CONCLUDING REMARKS 143
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 143
REFERENCES 143
DISCUSSION 144
CHAPTER 7. THEORETICAL STUDIES OF INVISCID 
148 
1. INTRODUCTION 148
2. RATE PROCESSES ALONG STREAMLINES 149
3. THE NEAR FLOW FIELD 153
4. DIRECT STUDY OF NOSE BLUNTNESS EFFECTS 160
5. SOME CURRENT PROBLEM AREAS 162
REFERENCES 163
CHAPTER 8. HYPERSONIC FLOW FIELD CALCULATIONS 
164 
1. 
164 
2. AXISYMMETRIC CALCULATIONS 165
3. THREE-DIMENSIONAL CALCULATIONS 172
REFERENCES 176
CHAPTER 9. RECENT INVESTIGATIONS OF THE AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GENERAL AND SPECIFIC LIFTING AND NONLIFTING CONFIGURATIONS AT MACH 24 IN HELIUM, INCLUDING 
178 
INTRODUCTION 178
SYMBOLS 180
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 181
AIR-HELIUM SIMULATION INVESTIGATION 189
CONCLUDING REMARKS 201
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 202
REFERENCES 202
DISCUSSION 204
CHAPTER 10. ON TWO NEW METHODS FOR THE 
206 
INTRODUCTION 206
1. 
207 
2. SECOND METHOD 218
3. ONE-DIMENSIONAL CHANNEL FLOW 221
CONCLUSION 230
REFERENCES 230
CHAPTER 11. SHOCK TUNNEL STUDIES OF 
232 
1. INTRODUCTION 232
2. SHOCK TUNNEL FACILITY AND INSTRUMENTATION 234
3. THEORETICAL STUDIES OF NON-EQUILIBRIUM PHENOMENA 239
4. IONIZATION EXPERIMENTS IN THE SHOCK TUNNEL 257
5. SUMMARIZING REMARKS 266
REFERENCES 266
DISCUSSION 268
CHAPTER 12. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN A 
270 
1. NOTATION 270
2. INTRODUCTION 270
3. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT IN A SHOCK TUNNEL BY 
271 
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND COMPARISON WITH THEORY 273
5. DOUBLE-BEAM METHOD OF SODIUM-LINE REVERSAL TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT. TEMPERATURE 
280 
6. CONCLUSIONS 281
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 282
REFERENCES 282
DISCUSSION 282
CHAPTER 13. A MASS FLOW PROBE FOR USE IN SHORT 
286 
1. INTRODUCTION 286
2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION 286
3. THE HEAT EXCHANGER 287
4. RESPONSE TIME 289
5. INTERPRETATION OF MEASUREMENTS 290
6. EXPERIMENTS 292
7. CONCLUSION 294
REFERENCE 295
DISCUSSION 295
CHAPTER 14. MESURE OPTIQUE DES TEMPERATURES 
296 
1. INTRODUCTION 296
2. RAPPEL DE LA MÉTHODE DE MESURE DE TEMPERATURES 
296 
3. PRECISION DE MESURES 301
4. AUGMENTATION DE LA TEMPERATURE DE LA SOURCE 
304 
5. UTILISATION DE LA LAMPE XBO 501 DANS LA METHODE 
307 
CONCLUSION 311
REFERENCES 311
DISCUSSION 312
CHAPTER 15. AN EXPERIMENTAL METHOD FOR MEASURING THE FLOW PROPERTIES OF AIR UNDER EQUILIBRIUM AND 
314 
SYMBOLS 314
INTRODUCTION 315
PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE SPECTROSCOPIC 
316 
LIGHT ABSORPTION IN THE SGHUMANN-RUNGE CONTINUUM 317
DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT 318
CALIBRATION OF TEMPERATURE MEASURING EQUIPMENT 320
NON-EQUILIBRIUM FLOW MEASUREMENTS 324
DENSITY AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN 
325 
REFERENCES 327
DISCUSSION 327
CHAPTER 16. AMELIORATION D'UNE SOUFFLERIE A ARC BREF PAR LA REALISATION D'UN ARC TOURNANT DANS LA CHAMBRE HAUTE 
330 
1. INTRODUCTION 330
2. AVANTAGES ESCOMPTES DE L'UTILISATION D'UN ARC 
330 
3. EXPERIMENTATION EFFECTUEE SUR LES ARCS TOURNANTS 332
DISCUSSION 337
CHAPTER 17. STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT OF HOTSHOT TUNNELS AT 
338 
NOMENCLATURE 338
1. INTRODUCTION 339
2. AEDC-VKF HOTSHOT TUNNELS 339
3. MAJOR STAGES IN HOTSHOT TUNNEL DEVELOPMENT 339
4. CURRENT OPERATION AND INSTRUMENTATION OF 
347 
5. TYPICAL RESULTS OF FORCE AND PRESSURE TESTS 356

358 
7. LIMITATIONS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE OPERATION 363
8. CONCLUSIONS 368
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 368
REFERENCES 368
APPENDIX: EFFECTS OF SOURCE FLOW ON PRESSURE 
369 
DISCUSSION 371
CHAPTER 18. PROBLEMES D'INTERPRETATION DES RESULTATS DE MESURES DANS UNE 
372 
NOTATIONS 372
1. INTRODUCTION 373
2. CONDITIONS DE L'ECOULEMENT 373
3. TUYERE 378
4. ERREURS 382
5. CONCLUSIONS 384
REFERENCES 384
DISCUSSION 385
CHAPTER 19. HIGH VELOCITY GUNS FOR FREE-FLIGHT 
386 
SYMBOLS 386
INTRODUCTION 387
THE FREE-FLIGHT RANGE 387
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF GUNS FOR FREE-FLIGHT 
398 
THE IDEAL LIGHT-GAS GUN 402
THE ACCELERATED-RESERVOIR LIGHT-GAS GUN 404
CONCLUDING REMARKS 417
REFERENCES 417
DISCUSSION 418
CHAPTER 20. PLASMA STUDIES IN HYPERSONIC RANGES 420
1. INTRODUCTION 420
2. HIGH g TELEMETRY 421
3. MICROWAVE DIAGNOSTICS OF THE WAKE 427
CONCLUSION 430
REFERENCES 431
CHAPTER 21. LANGMUIR PROBE AND VELOCITY 
434 
LIST 
434 
1. INTRODUCTION 435
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLASMA WIND TUNNEL 436
3. PRELIMINARY CALIBRATION 437
4. VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 437
5. LANGMUIR PROBE MEASUREMENTS 448
6. CONCLUSIONS 459
REFERENCES 459
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 460
APPENDIX 460
CHAPTER 22. ON CHEMICAL EFFECTS AND RADIATION 
462 
NORMAL SHOCK FRONT 465
NON-EQUILIBRIUM FLOW CALCULATIONS 480
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 483
REFERENCES 483
DISCUSSION 485
CHAPTER 23. A MEASUREMENT OF THE 
486 
SYMBOLS 486
INTRODUCTION 487
DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENT 488
THE ABSORPTION TECHNIQUE 491
FLOW CONDITIONS 492
DATA ANALYSIS 495
CONCLUSION 496
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 497
REFERENCES 497
CHAPTER 24. THE PROBLEM OF IONIZATIONAL RELAXATION FOR MODERATELY STRONG SHOCKS 
500 
1.INTRODUCTION AND 
500 
2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 502
3. STEADY CONDITIONS 503
4. CALCULATION OF 
504 
5. CALCULATIONS OF 
506 
6. ELECTRON TEMPERATURE 507
7. A PLASMA OF NEUTRAL PARTICLES 508
8. CONCLUDING REMARKS 514
REFERENCES 514
DISCUSSION 515
CHAPTER 25. METHODES ET RESULTATS D'ETUDE D'ECOULEMENTS HYPERSONIQUES CHAUDS PAR DES MOYENS EXTERIEURS 
516 
1. 
516 
2. METHODES DE VISUALISATION 517
3. RESULTATS DES VISUALISATIONS 518
4. EMISSION DE LUMIERE PAR LE PROJECTILE ET 
527 
5. METHODES D'ETUDE EN ONDES CENTIMETRIQUES 
530 
6. CONCLUSION 531
BIBLIOGRAPHIE 531
DISCUSSION 532
CHAPTER 26. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF 
534 
INTRODUCTION 534
EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT 534
SHOCK DETACHMENT DISTANCE CALCULATIONS 537
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 539
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 542
REFERENCES 542
DISCUSSION 542
CHAPTER 27. FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF 
544 
INTRODUCTION 544
1. FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES IN RADIATION TRANSFER 545
2. RADIATION INTERACTION WITH HOMOGENEOUS 
551 
3. RADIATION INTERACTION WITH INTERFACES 555
4. GENERAL FORMULATION OF RADIATION GAS 
561 
REFERENCES 568
DISCUSSION 569
CHAPTER 28. RADIATION MEASUREMENTS FROM THE PLASMA 
570 
1. INTRODUCTION 570
2. SOURCE OF RADIATION 572
3. INSTRUMENTATION 572
4. RESULTS 574
5. CONCLUSIONS 581
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 582
REFERENCES 582
DISCUSSION 582
CHAPTER 29. MEASUREMENTS OF RADIATION FROM THE FLOW FIELDS OF BODIES FLYING ATSPEEDS UP TO 13.4 KILOMETERS 
584 
SYMBOLS 584
1. INTRODUCTION 585
2. FACILITIES AND INSTRUMENTATION 585
3. REDUCTION OF DATA 586
4. AIR RADIATION THEORY 588
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 591
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS 595
REFERENCES 596
DISCUSSION 597
CHAPTER 30. HYPERSONIC HEAT TRANSFER IN THE AIR 
598 
LIST OF SYMBOLS 598
1. INTRODUCTION 599
I I . ENERGY TRANSPORT 601
III. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 602
IV. HEAT TRANSFER 611
V. BOUNDARY LAYER CHEMISTRY 614
VI. CONCLUSIONS 615
APPENDIX 615
REFERENCES 617
DISCUSSION 619
CHAPTER 31. RADIATIVE HEATING OF VEHICLES 
622 
NOTATION 622
1. INTRODUCTION 623
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL CASES OF 
624 
3. EQUILIBRIUM RADIATIVE HEAT FLUX WITHOUT DECAY 
625 
4. EQUILIBRIUM RADIATIVE HEAT FLUX WITH 
632 
5. STAGNATION-POINT RADIATIVE HEAT FLUX FOR 
637 
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS 640
REFERENCES 640
DISCUSSION 641
CHAPTER 32. HYPERSONIC ABLATION 644
LIST OF SYMBOLS 644
1. INTRODUCTION 646
2. PURE GASIFICATION—TEFLON 648
3. SURFACE COMBUSTION—GRAPHITE 653
4. MELTING AND VAPORIZATION—GLASSES 656
5. REINFORCED PLASTICS 658
6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 661
CONCLUDING REMARKS 691
REFERENCES 692
DISCUSSION 694
CHAPTER 33. THE EFFECT OF CATALYTIC SURFACES ON STAGNATION POINT HEAT TRANSFER IN 
696 
LIST OF SYMBOLS 696
1. INTRODUCTION 697
3 . 
698 
4. CONCLUSIONS 704
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 704
REFERENCES 704
DISCUSSION 705
CHAPTER 34. DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA COUCHE LIMITE 
708 
NOTATIONS 708
INTRODUCTION 709
1. PROBLEMES NOUVEAUX RELATIFS A LA TUYERE 
709 
2. COEFFICIENT DE FROTTEMENT ET RAPPORTS 
713 
3. INFLUENCE DE LA COURBURE TRANSVERSALE 720
4. MISE EN OEUVRE DE LA METHODE 
725 
5. CONCLUSIONS 728
REFERENCES 728
DISCUSSION 731
CHAPTER 35. LEADING EDGE BLUNTNESS AND SLIP FLOW EFFECTS IN HIGH TEMPERATURE HYPERVELOCITY FLOWOVER A FLAT 
732 
I. INTRODUCTION 732
II. 
734 
III. 
738 
IV. LEADING EDGE FLOW PHENOMENA 740
V. LOCAL HEAT TRANSFER DISTRIBUTION FOR THE FLAT 
743 
VI. CONCLUSION 753
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 754
REFERENCES 754
DISCUSSION 756
AN ASSESSMENT OF OUR PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE HYPERSONIC 
758 
INTRODUCTION 760
LIST OF QUESTIONS 761
INDEX 794