Role of Convection and Fluid Flow in Solidification and Crystal Growth (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Role of Convection and Fluid Flow in Solidification and Crystal Growth 6
Copyright Page 7
Table of Contents 8
PREFACE 10
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE TECHNIQUES OF CRYSTAL GROWTH 12
1. INTRODUCTION 12
2. MELT GROWTH 13
3. SOLUTION GROWTH 16
4. VAPOUR GROWTH 18
5. CONCLUSIONS 18
REFERENCES 19
CHAPTER 2. CONVECTION IN CZOCHRALSKI GROWTH MELTS 20
1. INTRODUCTION 20
2. CZOCHRALSKI BULK FLOW 21
3. THE NEAR-FIELD FLOW 31
4. OUTLOOK 32
5. A DISSENTING VIEW 34
6. NOMENCLATURE 34
7. REFERENCES 35
CHAPTER 3. MARANGONI EFFECTS IN CRYSTAL GROWTH MELTS 38
INTRODUCTION 38
THERMOCAPILLARY CONVECTION 
40 
MARANGONI EFFECTS IN GROWTH FROM A CRUCIBLE 46
MARANGONI CONVECTION IN OPEN-BOAT ZONING 47
FURTHER METHODS AND PROBLEMS IN CRYSTAL GROWTH DISCUSSED IN CONNECTION WITH MC EFFECTS 49
CRYSTAL GROWTH UNDER REDUCED GRAVITY 50
OUTLOOK 51
NOMENCLATURE 52
REFERENCES 52
CHAPTER 4. EFFECT OF CONVECTIVE FLOW ON 
56 
INTRODUCTION 56
GENERAL FORMULATION 58
LINEAR STABILITY ANALYSIS 60
STAGNANT FILM MODEL 61
TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW 63
THERMOSOLUTAL CONVECTION 64
CONCLUSIONS 67
REFERENCES 68
CHAPTER 5. TIME-DEPENDENT NATURAL CONVECTION IN CRYSTAL GROWTH SYSTEMS 70
1. INTRODUCTION 70
2. IMPORTANCE OF CONVECTION IN CRYSTAL GROWTH 70
3. OCCURRENCE OF THERMAL OSCILLATIONS IN CRYSTAL GROWTH SYSTEMS 72
4. OCCURRENCE OF THERMAL OSCILLATIONS IN FLUIDS 74
5. DISCUSSION 77
6. ROUTES TO TURBULENCE 81
7. CONCLUSION 82
REFERENCES 82
CHAPTER 6. THE EFFECTS OF FLUID FLOW ON THE SOLIDIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL CASTINGS AND INGOTS 86
1. INTRODUCTION 86
2. EFFECTS OF FLUID FLOW ON CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 87
3. EFFECTS OF FLUID FLOW ON MACROSEGREGATION 89
4. IMPORTANCE OF MACROSEGREGATION DEFECTS IN CASTINGS 94
5. ANALYTICAL MODELS OF FLUID FLOW INDUCED MACROSEGREGATION 97
6. SUMMARY 99
REFERENCES 100
CHAPTER 7. THE APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY TO HYDRODYNAMIC PHENOMENA IN CRYSTAL GROWTH 102
1. INTRODUCTION 102
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 102
3. APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY TO THE STUDY OF CRYSTAL GROWTH FROM SOLUTION 103
4. RECONSTRUCTION OF ASYMMETRIC 3-DIM. FIELDS OF REFRACTIVE INDEX BY MULTI-DIRECTIONAL HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY 112
5. CONCLUSION 114
REFERENCES 115
APPENDIX 115
CHAPTER 8. SOME HYDRODYNAMIC PROBLEMS IN INDUSTRIAL CRYSTALLIZATION 118
INTRODUCTION 118
POPULATION BALANCE MODELS 119
LIQUID MIXING IN PRECIPITATION PROCESSES 121
CRYSTAL SUSPENSION AND DISTRIBUTION WITHIN CRYSTALLIZERS 122
SECONDARY NUCLEATION AND CRYSTAL/SOLUTION INTERACTIONS 123
CRYSTAL GROWTH, REACTION KINETICS AND CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING 125
CONCLUSIONS 127
NOMENCLATURE 127
REFERENCES 128
CHAPTER 9. CONVECTIVE EFFECTS IN OPEN-TUBE CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION 132
1. INTRODUCTION 132
2. SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 134
3. STUDIES OF CONVECTNE EFFECTS 
136 
4. CONCLUSIONS 139
REFERENCES 140
ANNOUNCEMENTS 142
Author Index 148