Control of Energy Metabolism (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Control of Energy Metabolism 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
List of Participants 6
Preface 8
PART I: CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYMES AND ENZYME SYSTEMS IN VITRO 14
Chapter 1. Opening Remarks 16
Chapter 2. Introductory Remarks 18
Section I: Theoretical Aspects of Control Properties in Enzyme Systems 20
Chapter 3. The Respiratory Chain as a Model for Metabolic Control in Multi-Enzyme Systems 22
REFERENCES 25
Chapter 4. Dynamics and Control in Cellular Reactions 26
I. Introduction 26
II. Analysis of Cellular Dynamics - Time Scale Reduction 27
III. Control 46
IV. Feedback 54
Discussion and Summary 58
REFERENCES 59
Section II: Computer Studies 60
Chapter 5. Computer-Based Analysis of Biochemical 
62 
REFERENCES 67
Discussion 68
Section III: Phosphofructokinase: Its Purification, Crystallization, and Kinetic Properties 74
Chapter 6. Phosphofructokinase 76
REFERENCES 77
Chapter 7. Purification and Properties of Rabbit Skeletal Muscle Phosphofructokinase 78
REFERENCES 81
Chapter 8. Phosphofructokinase from Rabbit Muscle 82
Chapter 9. Some Properties of Fructose-6-Phosphate Kinase from Rabbit Skeletal Muscle 84
References 92
Chapter 10. Multiple Forms of Heart Phosphofructokinase 94
Active and Inactive Forms of Phosphofructokinase 94
Effect of Hexose Phosphate and Adenylic Nucleotides on Reactivation of Phosphofructokinase 95
Effect of Heart Extracts on Reactivation of Riosphofructokinase 96
Properties of Purified Phosphofructokinase 97
Solubilization and Activation of Riosphofructokinase 98
REFERENCES 99
Chapter 11. On the Mechanism of Inhibition and Activation of Phosphofructokinase in Novikoff Ascites Tumor Cells 100
Proposed mechanism 106
Alternative mechanism 107
REFERENCES 108
Chapter 12. Control Properties of Phosphofructokinase from Saccharomyces cerevisia 110
REFERENCES 113
Chapter 13. A Computer Simulation Study of the Metabolic Control Behavior of Phosphofructokinase 114
REFERENCES 116
Chapter 14. Summary 118
REFERENCES 119
PART II: ENZYME CONTENT, SUBSTRATE AND COFACTOR AVAILABILITY, AND CATION TRANSPORT AS FACTORS IN METABOLIC REGULATION 120
Section IV: Enzyme Profile Patterns and Reconstituted Systems 122
Chapter 15. Enzyme and Metabolite Profiles 124
References 135
Chapter 16. Enzyme Profile and Beef Heart Supernatant Fraction 136
REFERENCES 136
Chapter 17. Comment 138
Chapter 18. Coordinated Stimulation of Hexokinase and Phosphofructokinase by Phosphate in a Reconstituted System of Glycolysis 140
REFERENCES 150
Chapter 19. A Reconstituted Enzyme System 152
REFERENCES 155
Discussion 156
Section V: Control in Single-Cellular Systems Due to Pi or ADP Availability 160
Chapter 20. Control Characteristics of the Adenine Nucleotide System 162
REFERENCES 168
Chapter 21. ADP and Pi 
170 
Experimental Methods 171
Experimental Results 172
Discussion 179
Summary 186
References 186
Chapter 22. The Control of Hexokinase in Ascites Tumor Glycolysis 190
REFERENCES 198
Chapter 23. On the Control of Glycolysis in Novikoff Ascites Tumor Cells 200
Control of Anaerobic Glycolysis 200
Control of Aerobic Glycolysis 204
The Pasteur Effect in Novikoff Ascites Tumor Cells 204
REFERENCES 205
Chapter 24. The Control of Glycolysis in Yeast 206
REFERENCES 208
Discussion 209
Section VI: The Role of Cations in Metabolic Control 220
Chapter 25. Cation Flux Across the Mitochondrial Membrane as a Possible Pacemaker of Tissue Metabolism 222
REFERENCES 228
Chapter 26. A Role of Sodium and Potassium in Metabolic Control 230
REFERENCES 232
Chapter 27. The Role of Na+ and K+ on a-Aminoisobutyric Acid Transport in 
234 
Effects of Na+ on AIB Transport 235
Relation of the Na + Electrochemical Gradient and AIB Transport 240
Effect of K+ on AIB Transport 241
Effect of K+ on AIB Influx and Efflux 243
Relation of the Na+ Pump to AIB Transport 244
SUMMARY 245
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 246
REFERENCES 246
Discussion 248
Section VII: Control Due to Changes of Enzyme Content 250
Chapter 28. On Transitory and Periodic Systems in Bacteria 252
REFERENCES 257
Chapter 29. On the Direction of Pyridine Nucleotide Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Gluconeogenesis and Lipogenesis 258
REFERENCES 261
Chapter 30. On the "Biochemical 
262 
1) Lipogenesis and the 
265 
2) Microsomal "detoxifying" system induction and TPNH generating systems 266
3) Essential fatty acid deficient diets and TPN dehydrogenases 267
REFERENCES 272
Chapter 31. Adaptive Behavior of Citrate Cleavage Enzyme 274
REFERENCES 278
Chapter 32. Some Aspects of Metabolic Control in the Fertilization Transition of Sea Urchin Eggs 280
Materials and Methods 280
Results and Discussion 280
References 284
Discussion 286
PART III: CONTROL OF METABOLISM IN INTACT TISSUES 294
Chapter 33. 
296 
Section VIII: Regulation of Glycolytic Activity in Smooth and Skeletal Muscles 298
Chapter 34. Activation of Glycolytic Pathway in Muscle 300
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 309
REFERENCES 309
Chapter 35. The Response of the Glycolytic System of Anaerobic Frog Sartorius Muscle to Electrical Stimulation 312
Introductlon and Methods 312
Results 313
Discussion and Summary 323
References 324
Chapter 36. Some Biochemical Properties of Intestinal Smooth Muscle in Relation to the Physiological Actions of Epinephrine 326
REFERENCES 328
Discussion 329
Section IX: Regulation of Metabolism in Brain 332
Chapter 37. The Effects of Altered Brain Metabolism on the Levels of Krebs Cycle 
334 
Experimental Procedure 334
Results 335
Summary 339
References 340
Discussion 341
Section X: Regulation of Glycolytic Activity in Heart Muscle 344
Chapter 38. Metabolic Control in the Perfused Rat Heart 346
REFERENCES 359
Chapter 39. Regulation of Glucose Transport 360
Experimental Procedure 360
Results 361
Discussion 366
Summary 367
REFERENCES 367
Chapter 40. Fatty Acid Induced Alterations in Citric Acid Cycle Intermediates 370
REFERENCES 372
Discussion 373
PART IV: BICENTENNIAL LECTURES ON CONTROL OF ENERGY METABOLISM 386
Chapter 41. Energy Transformation in the Generation of Bioelectricity 388
(a) The direction of ion movements 391
(b) Coupling with metabolism 391
(c) Effect of temperature 391
(d) Effect of membrane potential 392
(e) The rate of transfer of ions 392
(f) Effect of calcium 392
(g) Discrimination between sodium and lithium 392
(h) Effect of drugs 393
REFERENCES 393
Chapter 42. Control of Energy Metabolism. Bioenergetics of Muscular Contraction 396
REFERENCES 405
Chapter 43. Hemoglobin-Free Perfusion of Rat Liver 406
Summary 424
REFERENCES 425
Chapter 44. Control of Energy Metabolism in Mitochondria 428
Introduction 428
The Cytochromes 429
Summary 442
References 443
INDEX 450