Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology

DEBRA LONG PRIEL AND DOUGLAS B. KUHNS
section F
Cytokines and
Chemokines / 321
VOLUME EDITOR: BARBARA DETRICK
SECTION EDITOR: JOHN J. HOOKS
34 Introduction / 323
JOHN J. HOOKS
35 Multiplex Cytokine Assays / 324
ELIZABETH R. DUFFY AND DANIEL G. REMICK
36 Cytokine Measurement by Flow
Cytometry / 338
HOLDEN T. MAECKER
37 Chemokine and Chemokine Receptor
Analysis / 343
SABINA A. ISLAM, BENJAMIN D. MEDOFF, AND ANDREW D. LUSTER
38 Cytokines: Diagnostic and Clinical
Applications / 357
PRIYANKA VASHISHT AND TIMOTHY B. NIEWOLD
39 Detection of Anticytokine Autoantibodies and
Clinical Applications / 365
S ARAH K. BROWNE
section G
Immunohistology and
Immunopathology / 373
VOLUME EDITOR: ROBERT G. HAMILTON
SECTION EDITOR: R. NEAL SMITH
40 Introduction / 375
ROBERT G. HAMILTON
41 Immunofluorescence Methods in the Diagnosis
of Renal and Cardiac Diseases / 376
A. BERNARD COLLINS, JAMES R. STONE, AND
R. NEAL SMITH
42 Western Blot Analysis for the Detection
of Anti-Glomerular
Basement Membrane
Antibodies and Anti-Phospholipase
A2 Receptor
Antibodies / 385
A. BERNARD COLLINS AND R. NEAL SMITH
section H
Infectious Diseases Caused
by Bacteria, Mycoplasmas,
Chlamydiae, and
Rickettsiae / 391
VOLUME EDITOR: JOHN L. SCHMITZ
SECTION EDITOR: CHRISTINE M. LITWIN
43 Introduction / 393
CHRISTINE M. LITWIN
44 Diagnostic Methods for Group A Streptococcal
Infections / 394
CHRISTINE M. LITWIN, SHELDON E. LITWIN,
AND HARRY R. HILL
45 Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection and
Assessment of Eradication / 404
BRUCE E. DUNN AND SUHAS H. PHADNIS
46 Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis / 412
JOHN L. SCHMITZ
47 Lyme Disease, Relapsing Fever, and
Leptospirosis / 419
GUIQING WANG AND
MARIA E. AGUERO-ROSENFELD
48 Immunological Tests in Tuberculosis / 433
CHRISTINE M. LITWIN
49 Mycoplasma: Immunologic and Molecular
Diagnostic Methods / 444
KEN B. WAITES, MARY B. BROWN, AND
JERRY W. SIMECKA
50 Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
Infections / 453
ROSEMARY SHE
51 The Rickettsiaceae, Anaplasmataceae, and
Coxiellaceae / 461
LUCAS S. BLANTON AND DAVID H. WALKER
52 The Bartonellaceae, Brucellaceae, and
Francisellaceae / 473
CHRISTINE M. LITWIN, BURT ANDERSON,
RENEE TSOLIS, AND AMY RASLEY
section I
Mycotic and Parasitic
Diseases / 483
VOLUME EDITOR: ROBERT G. HAMILTON
SECTION EDITOR: THOMAS B. NUTMAN
53 Introduction / 485
THOMAS B. NUTMAN
54 Immunological and Molecular Approaches for
the Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections / 486
PATRICIA P. WILKINS AND THOMAS B. NUTMAN
55 Serological and Molecular Diagnosis of Fungal
Infections / 503
MARK D. LINDSLEY
section J
Viral Diseases / 535
VOLUME EDITOR: JOHN L. SCHMITZ
SECTION EDITORS: RICHARD L. HODINKA AND
JOHN L. SCHMITZ
56 Introduction / 537
JOHN L. SCHMITZ
57 Immunologic and Molecular Methods for Viral
Diagnosis / 538
MARIE LOUISE LANDRY AND YI-WEI
TANG
58 Herpes Simplex Virus / 550
D. SCOTT SCHMID
59 Varicella-Zoster
Virus / 556
D. SCOTT SCHMID
60 Epstein-Barr
Virus and Cytomegalovirus / 563
HENRY H. BALFOUR, JR., KRISTIN A. HOGQUIST,
AND PRIYA S. VERGHESE
Human Herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 / 578
RICHARD L. HODINKA
62 Parvovirus B19 / 591
STANLEY J. NAIDES
63 Respiratory Viruses / 598
DAVID J. SPEICHER, MOHSIN ALI, AND
MAREK SMIEJA
64 Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Viruses / 610
DIANE S. LELAND AND RYAN F. RELICH
65 Viral Hepatitis / 620
HUBERT G. M. NIESTERS,
ANNELIES RIEZEBOS-BRILMAN,
AND
CORETTA C. VAN LEER-BUTER
66 Viral Agents of Gastroenteritis / 639
GABRIEL I. PARRA AND KIM Y. GREEN
67 Arboviruses / 648
ROBERT S. LANCIOTTI AND JOHN T. ROEHRIG
68 Diagnosis of Hantavirus Infections / 658
WILLIAM MARCIEL DE SOUZA AND
LUIZ TADEU MORAES FIGUEREIDO
69 Rabies Virus / 665
D. CRAIG HOOPER
70 Human T-Cell
Lymphotropic Virus
Types 1 and 2 / 674
BREANNA CARUSO, RAYA MASSOUD, AND
STEVEN JACOBSON
71 Diagnosis of Prion Diseases / 682
RICHARD RUBENSTEIN, ROBERT B. PETERSEN,
AND THOMAS WISNIEWSKI
72 Principles and Procedures of Human
Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnosis / 696
KELLY A. CURTIS, JEFFREY A. JOHNSON, AND
S. MICHELE OWEN
section K
Immunodeficiency
Diseases / 711
VOLUME EDITOR: BARBARA DETRICK
SECTION EDITORS: KATHLEEN E. SULLIVAN AND
HOWARD M. LEDERMAN
73 The Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases / 713
HOWARD M. LEDERMAN
74 Severe Combined Immune Deficiency: Newborn
Screening / 715
JAMES W. VERBSKY AND JOHN M. ROUTES
75 Combined Immunodeficiencies / 721
CHRISTINE SEROOGY AND MELISSA ELDER
76 Antibody Deficiencies / 737
KIMBERLY C. GILMOUR, ANITA CHANDRA, AND
D. S. KUMARARATNE
77 Hereditary and Acquired Complement
Deficiencies / 749
PATRICIA C. GICLAS
78 Neutropenia and Neutrophil Defects / 765
STEVEN M. HOLLAND
79 Evaluation of Natural Killer (NK) Cell
Defects / 774
KIMBERLY RISMA AND REBECCA MARSH
section L
Allergic Diseases / 781
VOLUME EDITOR: ROBERT G. HAMILTON
SECTION EDITOR: PAMELA A. GUERRERIO
80 Introduction / 783
PAMELA A. GUERRERIO
81 Quantitation and Standardization of
Allergens / 784
RONALD L. RABIN, LYNNSEY RENN, AND
JAY E. SLATER
82 Immunological Methods in the Diagnostic
Allergy Clinical and Research Laboratory / 795
ROBERT G. HAMILTON
83 Assay Methods for Measurement of Mediators
and Markers of Allergic Inflammation / 801
JOHN T. SCHROEDER, R. STOKES PEEBLES, JR.,
AND PAMELA A. GUERRERIO
84 Tests for Immunological Reactions to
Foods / 815
CARAH B. SANTOS, DAVID M. FLEISCHER, AND
ROBERT A. WOOD
85 Diagnosis of Rare Eosinophilic and Mast Cell
Disorders / 825
CEM AKIN, CALMAN PRUSSIN, AND
AMY D. KLION
section M
Systemic Autoimmune
Diseases / 839
VOLUME EDITOR: BARBARA DETRICK
SECTION EDITOR: WESTLEY H. REEVES
86 Introduction / 841
WESTLEY H. REEVES
87 Antinuclear Antibody Tests / 843
ALESSANDRA DELLAVANCE,
WILSON DE MELO CRUVINEL,
PAULO LUIZ CARVALHO FRANCESCANTONIO,
AND LUIS EDUARDO COELHO ANDRADE
88 Detection of Autoantibodies by Enzyme-Linked
Immunosorbent Assay and Bead Assays / 859
EDWARD K. L. CHAN, RUFUS W. BURLINGAME,
AND MARVIN J. FRITZLER
89 Immunodiagnosis and Laboratory Assessment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus / 868
WESTLEY REEVES, SHUHONG HAN,
JOHN MASSINI, AND YI LI
90 Immunodiagnosis of Autoimmune
Myopathies / 878
MINORU SATOH, ANGELA CERIBELLI,
MICHITO HIRAKATA, AND EDWARD K. L. CHAN
91 Immunodiagnosis of Scleroderma / 888
MASATAKA KUWANA
92 Antibody and Biomarker Testing in Rheumatoid
Arthritis / 897
ANN DUSKIN CHAUFFE AND
MICHAEL RAYMOND BUBB
93 Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome: Clinical
Manifestations and Laboratory Diagnosis / 905
MARTINA MURPHY AND NEIL HARRIS
94 Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA)
and Strategies for Diagnosing ANCA-Associated
Vasculitides / 909
R. W. BURLINGAME, C. E. BUCHNER, J. G. HANLY,
AND N. M. WALSH
95 IgG4-Related
Disease: Diagnostic
Testing by Serology, Flow Cytometry, and
Immunohistopathology / 917
JOHN H. STONE
96 Future Perspectives for Rheumatoid Arthritis
and Other Autoimmune Diseases / 922
JEREMY SOKOLOVE
section N
Organ-localized
Autoimmune Diseases / 927
VOLUME EDITOR: JOHN L. SCHMITZ
SECTION EDITORS: C. LYNNE BUREK AND
PATRIZIO CATUREGLI
97 Introduction / 929
C. LYNNE BUREK
98 Endocrinopathies: Chronic Thyroiditis, Addison
Disease, Pernicious Anemia, Graves’ Disease,
Diabetes, and Hypophysitis / 930
C. LYNNE BUREK, N. R. ROSE,
GIUSEPPE BARBESINO, JIAN WANG,
ANDREA K. STECK, GEORGE S. EISENBARTH,
LIPING YU, LUDOVICA DE VINCENTIIS,
ADRIANA RICCIUTI, ALESSANDRA DE
REMIGIS, AND PATRIZIO CATUREGLI
99 Myasthenia Gravis / 954
ARNOLD I. LEVINSON AND ROBERT P. LISAK
100 Autoantibodies to Glycolipids in Peripheral
Neuropathy / 961
HUGH J. WILLISON
101 Detection of Antimitochondrial
Autoantibodies in Primary Biliary Cholangitis
and Liver Kidney Microsomal Antibodies in
Autoimmune Hepatitis / 966
PATRICK S. C. LEUNG, MICHAEL P. MANNS,
ROSS L. COPPEL, AND M. ERIC GERSHWIN
102 Cardiovascular Diseases / 975
CHERYL L. MAIER, C. LYNNE BUREK,
NOEL R. ROSE, AND AFTAB A. ANSARI
103 Celiac Disease and Inflammatory Bowel
Disease / 983
MELISSA R. SNYDER
104 Autoantibodies Directed against Erythrocytes
in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia / 990
R. SUE SHIREY AND KAREN E. KING
105 Immune Thrombocytopenia / 995
THOMAS S. KICKLER
106 Monitoring Autoimmune Reactivity within the
Retina / 998
JOHN J. HOOKS, CHI-CHAO
CHAN,
H. NIDA SEN, ROBERT NUSSENBLATT, AND
BARBARA DETRICK
section O
Cancer / 1005
VOLUME EDITOR: ROBERT G. HAMILTON
SECTION EDITORS: DANIEL CHAN AND
LORI J. SOKOLL
107 Introduction / 1007
ROBERT G. HAMILTON
108 Immunoassay-Based
Tumor Marker
Measurement: Assays, Applications, and
Algorithms / 1008
ELIZABETH A. GODBEY, LORI J. SOKOLL, AND
ALEX J. RAI
109 Malignancies of the Immune System: Use of
Immunologic and Molecular Tumor Markers in
Classification and Diagnostics / 1015
ELAINE S. JAFFE AND MARK RAFFELD
110 Monitoring of Immunologic Therapies / 1036
THERESA L. WHITESIDE
111 Circulating Tumor Cells as an Analytical
Tool in the Management of Patients with
Cancer / 1051
DANIEL C. DANILA, HOWARD I. SCHER, AND
MARTIN FLEISHER
section P
Transplantation
Immunology / 1063
VOLUME EDITOR: BARBARA DETRICK
SECTION EDITORS: ELAINE F. REED AND
QIUHENG JENNIFER ZHANG
112 Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics
Testing in the 21st Century / 1065
QIUHENG JENNIFER ZHANG AND
ELAINE F. REED
113 Molecular Methods for Human Leukocyte
Antigen Typing: Current Practices and Future
Directions / 1069
MARK KUNKEL, JAMIE DUKE,
DEBORAH FERRIOLA, CURT LIND, AND
DIMITRI MONOS
114 Evaluation of the Humoral Response in
Transplantation / 1091
PAUL SIKORSKI, RENATO VEGA,
DONNA P. LUCAS, AND ANDREA A. ZACHARY
115 Non-Human
Leukocyte Antigen Antibodies in
Organ Transplantation / 1103
ANNETTE M. JACKSON AND BETHANY L. DALE
116 Evaluation of the Cellular Immune Response in
Transplantation / 1108
DIANA METES, NANCY L. REINSMOEN, AND
ADRIANA ZEEVI
117 Complement in Transplant Rejection / 1123
CARMELA D. TAN, E. RENE RODRIGUEZ, AND
WILLIAM M. BALDWIN III
118 Molecular Characterization of Rejection in
Solid Organ Transplantation / 1132
DARSHANA DADHANIA, TARA K. SIGDEL,
THANGAMANI MUTHUKUMAR,
CHOLI HARTONO, MINNIE M. SARWAL, AND
MANIKKAM SUTHANTHIRAN
119 Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like
Receptors in
Clinical Transplantation / 1150
RAJA RAJALINGAM, SARAH COOLEY, AND
JEROEN VAN BERGEN
120 Chimerism Testing / 1161
LEE ANN BAXTER-LOWE
section Q
Laboratory
Management / 1169
VOLUME EDITOR: ROBERT G. HAMILTON
SECTION EDITOR: RONALD J. HARBECK
121 Clinical Immunology Laboratory
Accreditation, Licensure, and
Credentials / 1171
LINDA COOK AND RONALD J. HARBECK
122 Validation and Quality Control: General
Principles and Application to the Clinical
Immunology Laboratory / 1180
VIJAYA KNIGHT AND TERRI LEBO
Author Index / 1193
Subject Index / 1195