Front 
1 
Captions for Front Cover Photos 3
Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective 4
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Preface to Volume 1 8
Preface to Volume 2 10
Preface to Volume 3 12
Acknowledgments 14
Contents 16
List of Contributors 26
Volume 3 30
Chapter 1 - Spontaneous Combustion in Open-Cut Coal Mines: Australian Experience and Research 32
1.1 
 
33 
?Introduction 33
?Self-Heating and Spontaneous Combustion 35
1.2 
41 
?Structure 41
?Self-Heating in Spoil 43
1.3 
47 
?Greenhouse Gas Emissions 47
?Toxic Gas Emissions 54
1.4 Control and Prevention of 
56 
?Prediction of Heating 56
?Material Placement 58
?Cover Layers 59
?Grouting 62
1.5 
64 
?Additional Research 64
?Conclusions 64
?Acknowledgments 64
?Important Terms 65
?References 65
?WWW Addresses: Additional Reading 67
Chapter 2 - Nanominerals and Ultrafine Particles from Brazilian Coal Fires 68
2.1 
69 
?Introduction 69
?Sampling and Study Area 71
?Analytical Procedures 74
?Discussion 76
?Conclusions 82
?Acknowledgments 83
?Important Terms 83
?References 83
WWW Addresses: Additional Reading 86
Chapter 3 - Remote and In situ Mapping of Coal Fires: Case Studies from China and India 88
3.1 
89 
?Introduction 89
?Thermal Detection and Monitoring 92
?Risk Area Delineation 96
?Quantification 99
?Additional Techniques 101
3.2 In Situ Mapping of Coal Fires in Wuda, Inner 
103 
?Introduction 103
?Coal Fire Indicators and Mapping Techniques 105
?Coal Fire Dynamics Analyses 107
?Discussion 111
3.3 Coal Fire Green House 
114 
?Introduction 114
?Quantification Challenges 115
?Acknowledgments 119
?Important Terms 119
?References 120
Chapter 4 - Coal Combustion and Mineralization in the Helan Shan Mountains of Northern China 126
4.1 Coal Combustion and Mineralization in the Helan 
127 
?Introduction 127
?Geologic Setting and Coal Fires 127
?Thermochemical Mineralization Processes 130
?Analytical Methods 131
?Analytical Results and Mineralogical Data 132
?Discussion 135
?Acknowledgments 135
?Important Terms 135
?References 136
?WWW Addresses: Additional Reading 138
Chapter 5 - Mineralogy of Burning-Coal Waste Piles in Collieries of the Czech Republic 140
5.1 
141 
?Introduction 141
?Burning Dump and Mineral Localities 141
?Analytical Methods and Mineralogy 151
?Unnamed and Poorly Determined Phases 180
?Environmental Aspects 184
?Discussion 184
?Acknowledgments 186
?References 186
Chapter 6 - Combustion Metamorphism in the Most Basin, Czech Republic 192
6.1 
193 
?Introduction 193
?Mining History 194
?Geology and Mineralogy 194
?Analytical Methods 198
?CM Rocks 198
?Age of Combustion Metamorphism 210
?Mineralogy 210
?Unnamed Phases 227
?Summary 228
?Acknowledgments 230
?References 230
Chapter 7 - Mineralogy of the Burning Anna I Coal Mine Dump, Alsdorf, Germany 234
7.1 Mineralogy of the Burning 
235 
?Introduction 235
?Geology and Self-Ignition of the Anna I Dump 235
?Sources of Elements for Mineral Formation 236
?Mineral Formation Processes 237
?Vent Types and Mineral Zones 243
?Minerals and Their Associations 246
?Analogy with Fossa Crater, Vulcano Island, Italy 266
?Discussion 267
?A Personal Note 267
?Acknowledgments 268
?Important Terms 268
?References 268
Note 271
Chapter 8 - Geothermal Utilization of Smoldering Mining Dumps 272
8.1 
273 
?Introduction 273
?Research Program 273
?Dump Under Investigation 274
?Test Pits 274
?Drilling Operations 276
?Laboratory Tests 277
?Stability Analyses 279
8.2 
281 
?Conventional Geothermal Energy 281
?Plant Concept 282
?BHEs and TG 283
8.3 
285 
?Thermal Response Tests 285
?Thermal Behavior of the BHEs 287
?Long-Term Behavior of the BHEs 289
?Discussion and Outlook 290
?Acknowledgments 291
?Important Terms 291
?References 291
?WWW Addresses: Additional Reading 292
Chapter 9 - Impact of Mining Activities on Land Use Land Cover in the Jharia Coalfield, India 294
9.1 
295 
?Location and Geology 295
?Mining History 296
?Land Use Land Cover Classes 296
9.2 
300 
?Role of Remote Sensing 300
?Long Term Change: A Qualitative Analysis 300
?Fifteen Years of Change: A Quantitative Analysis 302
?Discussion 307
?Conclusions 307
?Important Terms 307
?References 308
?WWW Addresses: Additional Reading 310
Chapter 10 - Stone-Tool Workshops of the Hatrurim Basin, Israel: Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Rock Mechanics of Lithic Industrial Materials 312
10.1 
313 
?Introduction 313
?Stone-Tool Workshops 314
?Samples 318
?Analytical Methods 318
?Mineralogy and Mineral Chemistry 322
?Physical and Mechanical Properties of Stone Tools 333
?Major and Trace Elements and Stone-Tools Protolith 337
?Thermal Regime of Rock Formation 343
?Conclusions 343
?Acknowledgments 344
?Important Terms 344
?References 344
Chapter 11 - Geophysical Studies of Pyrometamorphic and Hydrothermal Rocks of the Nabi Musa Mottled Zone, Vicinity of the Dead Sea Transform, Israel 348
11.1 Geophysical studies of the Nabi Musa Mottled 
349 
?Introduction 349
?Geologic Setting 350
?Geophysical Investigations 352
?Results 354
?Discussion 359
?Conclusions 364
?Acknowledgments 364
?Important Terms 365
?References 365
Chapter 12 - Preliminary Assessment of the Coal Fires of Malawi 370
12.1 
371 
?Introduction 371
?Malawi and the Study Area 371
?The Potential for Coal Fires in Malawi 373
?Remote Sensing 376
?Conclusions 377
?References 378
Chapter 13 - Fire Prevention in Coal Waste Dumps: Exemplified by the Rymer Cones, Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland 380
13.1 
381 
?Introduction 381
?Fire Prevention 382
13.2 
383 
?Introduction 383
?Rymer Cones Dump 383
13.3 
387 
?Introduction 387
?Monitoring and Mitigation 393
?Conclusions 415
?Important Terms 416
?References 416
Chapter 14 - Thermal Transformations of Waste Rock at the Starzykowiec Coal Waste Dump, Poland 418
14.1 
419 
?Introduction 419
14.2 
421 
?Sample Collecting 421
?Laboratory Methods 421
14.3 
423 
?Introduction 423
?Proximate and Ultimate Analyses 423
?Petrographic Analyses of Organic Matter 424
?Mineral Analyses 431
?Geochemical Analyses 438
?Borders Between Two Groups of Waste Rock 457
?Conclusions 457
?Acknowledgments 458
?Important Terms 458
?References 459
Chapter 15 - The Thermal History of Select Coal-Waste Dumps in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland 462
15.1 
463 
?Self-heating 463
15.2 
466 
?Introduction 466
?Rymer Cones 466
?The Chwalowice Coal Dump, Starzykowiec 468
15.3 
471 
?The Marcel Coal Mine Dump 468
15.4 
473 
?Rymer Cones 473
?The Chwalowice Coal Dump, Starzykowiec 481
?The Marcel Coal Mine Dump 481
15.5 
490 
?Discussion 490
?Summary 490
?References 492
?Important Terms 492
Chapter 16 - Coal Mining and Combustion in the Coal Waste Dumps of Poland 494
16.1 
495 
?Introduction 495
?Waste Management and Coal Dumping 497
?Examples of Self-ignition in Waste Dumps 500
?Summary 503
?Acknowledgments 503
?Important Terms 503
?References 503
Chapter 17 - Mineral Transformations and Actinide Transport: Combustion Metamorphism in the Wojkowice Coal-Waste Dump, Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland 506
17.1 Mineral Transformations and Actinide Transport in the Wojkowice 
507 
?Introduction 507
?Analytical Methodology 508
?Mineralogy 508
?Radioactivity 509
?Discussion 517
?Conclusions 521
?Acknowledgments 522
?Important Terms 522
?References 522
Chapter 18 - Mineralogy and Magnetic Parameters of Materials Resulting from the Mining and Consumption of Coal from the Douro Coalfield, Northwest Portugal 524
18.1 Mineralogy and Magnetic Parameters of Materials from the Douro Coalfield, 
525 
?Introduction 525
?Douro Coalfield: Study Objectives 526
?Environmental Magnetic Studies 527
?Sampling and Analytical Methods 528
?Results and Discussion 529
?Conclusions 536
?Acknowledgments 537
?Important Terms 537
?References 538
Chapter 19 - Ancient Coal Fires on the Southwestern Periphery of the Kuznetsk Basin, West Siberia, Russia: Geology and Geochronology 540
19.1 Coal Fires in the 
541 
?Introduction 541
?Geological Background 541
?Tectonic History of the Kuznetsk Basin 544
?CM Complexes 550
?Analytical Methods 558
?Mineralogy and Petrography of High-Temperature CM Rocks 558
?40Ar/39Ar Analytical Results 565
?Discussion 568
?Acknowledgments 569
?Important Terms 569
?References 569
Chapter 20 - Ellestadite-Group Minerals in Combustion Metamorphic Rocks 574
20.1 Ellestadite-Group Minerals in Combustion 
575 
?Introduction 575
?Burnt Coal Spoil-Heaps 575
?Sample Collection and Analyses 576
?Ellestadite Mineral Assemblages 579
?Discussion 590
?Acknowledgments 591
?Important Terms 591
?References 592
Chapter 21 - Fayalite from Paralavas Associated with Natural Coal Fires: Combustion Metamorphic Complexes in the Kuznetsk Coal Basin, Russia 594
21.1 Fayalite, Paralavas, 
595 
?Introduction 595
?CM Fe-Rich Olivine 595
?Analytical Methods 597
?Fayalite from Kuznetsk Paralavas 597
?Discussion and Conclusions 606
?Acknowledgments 609
?Important Terms 609
?References 609
Chapter 22 - Mineralogy and Origin of Fayalite–Sekaninaite Paralava: Ravat Coal Fire, Central Tajikistan 612
22.1 Mineralogy and 
613 
?Introduction 613
?Regional Geology and Origin of the Ravat Coal Fire 613
?Analytical Techniques 616
?Paralava from the Ravat Coal Fire 616
?Mineral Chemistry of the Ravat Paralava 619
?Discussion and Conclusions 634
?Acknowledgments 635
?Important Terms 636
?References 636
Chapter 23 - The “Volcanoes” of Midwestern Venezuela 640
23.1 The “Volcanoes” of 
641 
?Introduction 641
?Geologic Setting 641
?The “Volcanoes” 643
?Discussion and Conclusions 662
?Acknowledgments 663
?References 663
Chapter 24 - Coal-Fire Hazard Mapping in High-Latitude Coal Basins: A Case Study from Interior Alaska 664
24.1 High-Latitude Coal 
665 
?Introduction 665
?Alaskan Context 666
24.2 Case Study from 
669 
?Introduction 669
?Study Area 669
?Data 670
?Data Processing 672
?Results 674
?Discussion 676
?Conclusions 677
?Acknowledgments 678
?Important Terms 678
?References 678
?WWW Addresses: Additional Reading 680
Chapter 25 - Anthracite Coal-Mine Fires of Northeastern Pennsylvania 682
25.1 Anthracite Coal Fires of Northeastern 
683 
?Introduction 683
?History of Coal Mining 687
?Origin of Coal Fires 688
?The Anthracite Fires 688
?Mine Fires: ~1820–1900 688
?Mine Fires: ~1900–2000 689
?Mine Fires: ~2000 to Present 692
?Discussion 693
?Acknowledgments 694
?Important Terms 694
?References 694
Chapter 26 - Historic Record of Coal Fires in the Richmond Basin, Virginia 698
26.1 Historic Recordof Coal Fires in the 
699 
?Introduction 699
?Historical Record of Coal Fires 699
?Acknowledgments 701
?References 701
Chapter 27 - Coal Fires of the Pacific Northwest, USA 702
27.1 Coal Fires of the 
703 
?Introduction 703
?Regional Coal Geology 703
?Coal Fires 706
?Conclusions 710
?Acknowledgments 710
?References 710
Chapter 28 - Combustion Mineralogy and Petrology of ­Oil-Shale Slags in Lapanouse, Sévérac-le-Château, Aveyron, France: Analogies with Hydrocarbon Fires 712
28.1 Combustion Mineralogy of Oil-Shale 
713 
?Introduction 713
?Geologic Setting 714
?Oil Shale Exploitation and Processing 715
?Composition of Unprocessed Oil Shale and Limestone 716
?Fossil Organic Material in Oil Shale 719
?Slags and Microminerals 721
?Bulk Mineralogy of Slags 723
?Mineral Distribution in the Slag Dumps 728
?Microminerals Described Since Early 2000 729
?The Origin of Combustion Minerals in Oil-Shale Slag 747
?Natural Versus Anthropogenic 751
?Microminerals Photo Annex 753
?Acknowledgments 770
?Important Terms 770
?References 770
?WWW Addresses: Additional Reading 773
Chapter 29 - A Review of Coal-Fire Sampling Methods 774
29.1 A Review of Coal-Fire 
775 
?Introduction 775
?Sampling Locations 775
?Short-term Sampling Techniques 776
?Long-term Sampling Techniques 781
?Other Sampling Techniques 782
?Summary 783
?Acknowledgments 785
?Important Terms 786
?References 786
Additional Case Studies 790
Author Index 792
Subject Index 808