Crude Oil Fouling (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Measuring Underemployment: Demographic Indicators for the United States 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 12
Chapter 1. Introduction 18
1.1 THE LABOR UTILIZATION FRAMEWORK 21
1.2 A CRITIQUE OF THE LABOR UTILIZATION FRAMEWORK 27
1.3 THE DATA 31
1.4 THE ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK 33
Chapter 2. Underemployment In The United States, 1969–1973 38
Chapter 3. Information In The Measures Of Invisible Underemployment 52
3.1 THE INFORMATION IN FULL VERSUS COLLAPSED CROSS-TABLES 53
3.2 THE INFORMATION IN INVISIBLE UNDEREMPLOYMENT RELATIVE TO AGE, RACE, SEX, AND TIME-PERIOD DIFFERENTIALS 55
3.3 THE INFORMATION IN INVISIBLE UNDEREMPLOYMENT RELATIVE TO REGION, FAMILY TYPE, AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE 58
3.4 CONCLUSION 61
Chapter 4. The Effect Of Changing Demographic Composition On The Crude Indicators Of Underemployment 62
4.1 THE TIME-PERIOD HETEROGENEITY OF THE LABOR FORCE 66
4.2 THE "INTRINSIC" TIME-PERIOD CHANGE IN THE LABOR MARKET 77
4.3 A RATIONALE FOR CONSIDERING AGE DISTRIBUTION IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF UNDEREMPLOYMENT INDICATORS 83
4.4 AGE EFFECTS FOR THE TOTAL POPULATION AND THE TOTAL LABOR FORCE AGED 20–64 88
4.5 CONCLUSION 92
Chapter 5. Latent Class Structure In The Distribution Of Labor Market Rewards 94
5.1 THE LATENT CLASS PERSPECTIVE IN THE ANALYSIS OF UNDEREMPLOYMENT 98
5.2 THE 1970 DATA 101
5.3 THE BASIC MODEL 106
5.4 LATENT CLASS MODELS FOR THE 1970 DATA, INCLUDING PROBABILISTIC SCALE MODELS 109
5.5 OTHER MODELS FOR THE 1970 DATA 124
5.6 TIME-PERIOD HETEROGENEITY IN STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF A DUAL LABOR FORCE MODEL, AND NEW INDICATORS OF UNDEREMPLOYMENT 126
5.7 DIFFERENTIALS IN LATENT CLASS STRUCTURE FOR THE RACE-SEX GROUPS, 1970 134
5.8 CONCLUSION 135
Chapter 6. The Dependence Of Labor Force Status On Age, Time-Period, And Cohort 138
6.1 THE DATA 140
6.2 MULTIPLICATIVE MODELS FOR COHORT ANALYSIS BASED UPON SUCCESSIVE SAMPLE SURVEYS 142
6.3 THE CONCEPT OF A COHORT EFFECT! STATISTICAL DIFFERENTIATION AMONG COHORTS AND THE TEMPO OF SOCIAL CHANGE 145
6.4 THE GOODNESS-OF-FIT OF COHORT MODELS ACCOUNTING FOR THE AGE-TIME-PERIOD–COHORT- SPECIFIC DISTRIBUTION AMONG THE LABOR FORCE STATUSES, FOR MALES AND FEMALES BY RACE 148
6.5 IDENTIFIED COHORT PARAMETERS, SHOWING THE TEMPO OF SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE LABOR FORCE 156
6.6 THE "TRUE" ACROSS-TIME VARIATION IN LABOR FORCE STATUS: THE CASE OF WHITE MALES 161
6.7 SOME OTHER COHORT MODELS 163
6.8 CONCLUSION 165
Chapter 7. Trending And Forecasting Underemployment: Log-Linear Models And Population Projection 166
7.1 FORECASTING UNDEREMPLOYMENT BY LOG-LINEAR TIME-TREND MODELS 167
7.2 FORECASTING UNDEREMPLOYMENT WITH THE POPULATION PROJECTION MATRIX 173
Chapter 8. Underemployment In The Life History Of Synthetic Cohorts 176
8.1 EXPECTATION OF LIFE IN THE VARIOUS LABOR FORCE STATUSES: UNDEREMPLOYMENT HISTORY FOR MALES AND FEMALES BY RACE GIVEN 1970 CONDITIONS 177
8.2 ACROSS-TIME COMPARISONS OF LIFE EXPECTATIONS AND OF OTHER QUANTITIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE MODIFIED LIFE TABLE 185
8.3 THE LONG-RUN CONSEQUENCES OF SUSTAINED DECREASES IN UNDEREMPLOYMENT 192
8.4 THE IMPLICATIONS OF A MERITOCRACY FOR LABOR FORCE HISTORY FOR THE RACE-SEX SUBPOPULATIONS 196
8.5 A FORMAL ACCOUNT OF "EVENTUAL PRODUCTIVE VALUE" 203
8.6 CONCLUSION 205
Chapter 9. Some New Directions For Mathematical Demography 208
9.1 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNDEREMPLOYMENT AND THE INTRINSIC RATE OF GROWTH IN A STABLE POPULATION 209
9.2 THE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY: THE CONSTANT AGE ELASTICITY OF UNDEREMPLOYMENT 212
Chapter 10. Conclusion 218
10.1 METHODS 219
10.2 TIME-PERIOD HETEROGENEITY IN THE LABOR FORCE AND THE THEORY OF FRICTIONAL UNDEREMPLOYMENT 222
10.3 LATENT CLASS STRUCTURE AND LABOR MARKET (LABOR FORCE) DUALISM 224
10.4 COHORT DIFFERENTIATION WITH RESPECT TO LABOR FORCE STATUS AND THE TEMPO OF COHORT-INDUCED SOCIAL CHANGE 226
10.5 INTERACTION OF RACE-SEX GROUPS IN A CONSTRAINED LABOR MARKET 227
10.6 CONCLUSION 229
Appendix A: Operational Procedures For Applying The Labor Utilization Framework To The March Current Population Survey 230
A.1 NOT IN LABOR FORCE 232
A.2 SUB-UNEMPLOYED 233
A.3 UNEMPLOYED 234
A.4 UNDEREMPLOYED BY LOW HOURS 234
A.5 UNDEREMPLOYMENT BY LOW INCOME 235
A.6 UNDEREMPLOYED BY MISMATCH 239
A.7 ADEQUATELY UTILIZED 241
Appendix B: The Life Table Modified To Take Into Account Labor Force Status 242
Appendix C: A General Computer Program For Unrestricted Or Restricted Maximum Likelihood Latent Structure Analysis 248
Appendix D: The Quality Of Single-Year Age Data By Sex In The March Current Population Survey, 1969–1973 250
Appendix E: Normed Effects In Log-Linear Models For Dichotomous Data 256
Appendix F: Purging Cross-Classified Data Of Diagonal Effects, With Application To Demographic Rates Depending On Age, Time-Period, And Cohort 264
Appendix G: A Computer Program For Cohort Analysis Using Multiplicative Models And The Modified Multiple Regression Approach 272
Appendix H: A Computer Program For Adjustment Of Rates Using Multiplicative Models 274
References 278
Index 286