Front Cover 1
Green Synthetic Approaches for Biologically Relevant Heterocycles 4
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
Contributors 14
About the Editor 16
Foreword 18
Preface 20
Chapter 1 - Green Synthetic Approaches for Biologically Relevant Heterocycles: An Overview 22
1. INTRODUCTION 22
2. AN OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK 23
3. CONCLUDING REMARKS 27
Chapter 2 - Synthesis of Bioactive Five- and Six-Membered Heterocycles Catalyzed by Heterogeneous Supported Metals 28
1. INTRODUCTION 28
2. SYNTHESIS OF N-CONTAINING HETEROCYCLES 29
3. SYNTHESIS OF OXYGEN-CONTAINING HETEROCYCLES 49
4. SYNTHESIS OF SULFUR-CONTAINING HETEROCYCLES 57
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 61
References 61
Chapter 3 - Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of Benzo-Fused Five- and Six-Membered Heterocycles Employing Arynes 66
1. INTRODUCTION 67
2. SYNTHESIS OF FIVE-MEMBERED HETEROCYCLES 68
3. SYNTHESIS OF SIX-MEMBERED HETEROCYCLES 81
4. SYNTHESIS OF MEDIUM-SIZED HETEROCYCLES 92
5. APPLICATIONS OF THE BENZO-FUSED HETEROCYCLES 93
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS 94
References 94
Chapter 4 - Metal-Catalyzed Routes for the Synthesis of Furocoumarins and Coumestans 98
1. INTRODUCTION 98
2. SYNTHETIC ROUTES TO FUROCOUMARIN DERIVATIVES 99
3. SYNTHETIC ROUTES TO COUMESTAN DERIVATIVES 111
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 117
Acknowledgments 117
References 117
Chapter 5 - Green Solvents for Eco-friendly Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocyclic Compounds 122
1. INTRODUCTION 122
2. HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS IN SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE 123
3. HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS IN PEG 129
4. HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS IN GLYCEROL 147
5. HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS IN GLUCONIC ACID AQUEOUS SOLUTION 151
6. HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS IN ETHYL LACTATE 154
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 155
References 155
Chapter 6 - Green Catalytic Synthesis of Heterocyclic Structures Using Carbon Dioxide and Related Motifs 162
1. INTRODUCTION 162
2. BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF CO2-BASED HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS 163
3. GREEN SYNTHESIS OF 1,3-DIOXOLAN-2-ONES AND 1,3-DIOXAN-2-ONES USING CO2 165
4. GREEN SYNTHESIS OF OXAZOLIDINONES AND OXAZODINANONES USING CO2 172
5. RELATED HETEROCYCLES INCORPORATING CO2 OR RELATED SYNTHONS 175
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS 178
References 179
Chapter 7 - Synthetic Approaches to Small- and Medium-Size Aza-Heterocycles in Aqueous Media 184
1. INTRODUCTION 184
2. THREE-MEMBERED RING—AZIRIDINES 185
3. FOUR-MEMBERED RINGS 186
4. FIVE-MEMBERED RINGS 189
5. SIX-MEMBERED RINGS 197
6. SEVEN-MEMBERED RINGS 200
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 202
References 202
CHAPTER 8 - Green Synthetic Approaches for 
 
 
206 
1. INTRODUCTION 206
2. SYNTHETIC APPROACHES FOR 2-AMINO-4H-PYRANS AND 2-AMINO-4H-PYRAN-ANNULATED HETEROCYCLES IN WATER AND ETHANOL–WATER MEDIA 207
3. CONCLUDING REMARKS 224
Acknowledgments 225
References 225
Chapter 9 - Sustainable Synthesis of Benzimidazoles, Quinoxalines, and Congeners 230
1. INTRODUCTION 230
2. METHODS OF SYNTHESIS OF BENZIMIDAZOLES/QUINOXALINES USING GREENER STRATEGIES 232
3. CONCLUDING REMARKS 272
References 273
Chapter 10 - Green and Catalytic Methods for .-Lactone Synthesis 278
1. INTRODUCTION 278
2. CONSTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR G-LACTONE STRUCTURE 279
3. FUNCTIONALIZATION OF G-LACTONE STRUCTURES 296
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 305
References 306
Chapter 11 - Green Synthetic Approaches for Medium Ring-Sized Heterocycles of Biological Interest 312
1. INTRODUCTION 312
2. MICROWAVE- AND ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF MEDIUM RING-SIZED HETEROCYCLES 315
3. USE OF IONIC LIQUIDS AS REACTION MEDIUM AND CATALYST 323
4. USE OF ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN SOLVENTS 325
5. USE OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS 329
6. FLUOROUS SYNTHESIS 330
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 331
References 332
Chapter 12 - Organocatalyzed Biginelli Reactions: A Greener Chemical Approach for the Synthesis of Biologically Active 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/-thiones 338
1. INTRODUCTION 338
2. CLASSES OF ORGANOCATALYSTS USED IN THE BIGINELLI REACTION 341
3. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF 3,4-DIHYDROPYRIMIDIN-2(1H)-ONES/-THIONES 353
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 355
ABBREVIATIONS 355
Acknowledgments 356
References 356
Chapter 13 - Photocatalytic Minisci Reaction: A Promising and Eco-friendly Route to Functionalize Heteroaromatics of Biological Interest 360
1. INTRODUCTION 360
2. MINISCI REACTION: A VERSATILE TOOL FOR MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 361
3. MINISCI REACTION: THE GENERAL MECHANISM 362
4. THE PHOTOCATALYTIC APPROACH 365
5. IS IT A GREEN APPROACH? 368
6. MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDIES: TOWARD THE SOLUTION? 369
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 371
Acknowledgments 371
References 371
Chapter 14 - Organohypervalent Iodine Reagents in the Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocycles 374
1. INTRODUCTION 374
2. ORGANOHYPERVALENT IODINE PROMOTED SYNTHESIS OF BIOACTIVE HETEROCYCLES 378
3. CONCLUDING REMARKS 395
ABBREVIATIONS 395
References 395
Chapter 15 - Porous Catalytic Systems in the Synthesis of Bioactive Heterocycles and Related Compounds 398
1. INTRODUCTION 399
2. POROUS CATALYTIC SYSTEMS 399
3. SYNTHESIS OF BIOACTIVE HETEROCYCLES CATALYZED BY POROUS MATERIALS 401
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 424
Acknowledgment 424
References 424
Chapter 16 - High-Pressure Cycloaddition Reactions in the Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Heterocycles 430
1. INTRODUCTION 430
2. DIELS–ALDER CYCLOADDITIONS 431
3. DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITIONS 451
4. [2+2] CYCLOADDITIONS 453
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 453
ABBREVIATIONS 453
References 454
Chapter 17 - Ionic Liquids-Prompted Synthesis of Biologically Relevant Five- and Six-Membered Heterocyclic Skeletons: An Update 458
1. INTRODUCTION 458
2. PROPERTIES OF ILS 460
3. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN IONIC LIQUIDS RESEARCH 461
4. APPLICATION OF IONIC LIQUIDS IN HETEROCYCLIC SYNTHESIS 464
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 505
Acknowledgments 505
References 505
Chapter 18 - Heterocycles-Based Ionic Liquid-Supported Synthesis of Small Organic Molecules 516
1. INTRODUCTION 516
2. IONIC LIQUID-SUPPORTED SYNTHESIS OF SMALL MOLECULES 518
3. IONIC LIQUID-SUPPORTED CARBOHYDRATE SYNTHESIS 528
4. IONIC LIQUID-SUPPORTED PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS 530
5. IONIC LIQUID-SUPPORTED REAGENTS 530
6. IONIC LIQUID-SUPPORTED CATALYSTS 531
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 533
ABBREVIATIONS 533
References 534
Chapter 19 - Microwave-Induced Synthesis of Heterocycles of Medicinal Interests 538
1. INTRODUCTION 538
2. MICROWAVE IRRADIATION: MECHANISM 546
3. MICROWAVE-INDUCED SYNTHESIS OF HETEROCYCLES OF MEDICINAL INTERESTS 547
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS 574
ABBREVIATIONS 574
References 575
Chapter 20 - Application of Microwave Irradiation in the Synthesis of P-Heterocycles 580
1. INTRODUCTION 580
2. FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CYCLIC PHOSPHINIC ACIDS 581
3. DIELS–ALDER CYCLOADDITIONS, FRAGMENTATION-RELATED PHOSPHORYLATIONS, AND INVERSE WITTIG-TYPE REACTIONS 584
4. PHOSPHA-MICHAEL REACTIONS 585
5. KABACHNIK–FIELDS REACTIONS 587
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS 589
References 589
Chapter 21 - Use of Ultrasound in the Synthesis of Heterocycles of Medicinal Interest 592
1. INTRODUCTION 592
2. HETEROCYCLES OF MEDICINAL INTEREST 597
3. CONCLUDING REMARKS 618
References 619
Index 624