Coastal Environments (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Coastal Environments: An Introduction to the Physical, Ecological and Cultural Systems of Coastlines 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contens 6
PREFACE 8
Dedication 10
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 12
COMMON SYMBOLS USED INTEXT 14
Chapter One. INTRODUCTION 18
THE COAST 18
COASTAL ISSUES 19
DECISION MAKING AND TAKING IN COASTAL MANAGEMENT 21
CONCEPTS OF CHANGE IN COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS 25
PHYSICAL PROCESSES 28
SEDIMENTS 33
COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS 37
Chapter Two. WAVES AND WAVE-DOMINATED COASTS 42
WAVE HYDRODYNAMICS 42
WAVE MODIFICATION NEAR THE COAST 60
LITTORAL CURRENTS 94
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT UNDER WAVES 99
Chapter Three. SHORELINE MORPHODYNAMICS 116
BEACH AND NEARSHORE MORPHODYNAMICS 116
LITHIFIED COASTS - CLIFFS, PLATFORMS AND REEFS 151
Chapter Four. TIDAL AND LAKE COASTS 168
TIDES 168
TIDAL ENVIRONMENTS - BAYS, LAGOONS AND ESTUARIES 181
LAKE COASTS 209
Chapter Five. LONG-TERM COASTAL DEVELOPMENT 216
LONG-TERM DYNAMIC DEVELOPMENT 216
SEDIMENT BUDGETS 235
Chapter Six. SEA-LEVEL CHANGES 262
INTRODUCTION 262
THE GEOID 262
EUSTASY AND ISOSTASY 263
REGIONAL AND GLOBAL EFFECTS OF SEA-LEVEL CHANGE 273
EFFECTS OF SEA-LEVEL CHANGE ON SHORELINES 281
SUMMARY 296
Chapter Seven. SUB-TIDAL AND BEACH ECOSYSTEMS 298
TURBULENT HOLDFAST COMMUNITIES 298
BEACH ECOSYSTEMS 307
Chapter Eight. COASTAL DUNES 318
INTRODUCTION 318
OCCURRENCE AND ORIGIN OF DUNES 319
PHYSICAL PROCESSES OF DUNE FORMATION 322
DUNE ECOLOGY 337
PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS IN SAND DUNES 349
Chapter Nine. COASTAL WETLANDS 352
SALT MARSHES 352
MANGALS 363
Chapter Ten. COASTAL MANAGEMENT: STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATION 372
INTRODUCTION 372
MAN AND THE COAST 373
ACTIVITIES AND ISSUES 374
ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR COASTAL MANAGEMENT 376
SUMMARY 397
Chapter Eleven. THE MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL WATERS 400
WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE DISPOSAL 400
ENERGY RESOURCES AND COASTAL WATER MANAGEMENT 417
COASTAL WATER MANAGEMENT FOR RECREATION 442
Chapter Twelve. THE MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL LANDS AND SEDIMENTS 448
INTRODUCTION 448
SCOPE 449
LOSSES OF COASTAL LAND 451
Chapter Thirteen. THE MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS 504
TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS 504
COASTAL WETLANDS 528
Chapter Fourteen. COASTAL HAZARDS 546
INTRODUCTION 546
COASTAL MANAGEMENT OF STORM HAZARDS 547
MANAGING WORLD SEA-LEVEL RISE - STRATEGIES FOR THE FUTURE 574
REFERENCES 578
INDEX 628