Computer Applications in Resource Estimation (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Computer Applications in Resource Estimation: Prediction and Assessment for Metals and Petroleum 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Contributors 10
Preface 14
PART I: DATA INTEGRATION IN MINERAL EXPLORATION BY STATISTICAL AND MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES 18
Chapter 1. Statistical Pattern Integration for Mineral Exploration 20
ABSTRACT 20
INTRODUCTION 20
METHOD OF STATISTICAL PATTERN INTEGRATION 22
APPLICATION TO GOLD DEPOSITS IN MEGUMA TERRANE 25
PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF ESTIMATION OF WEIGHTS 30
CORRELATION BETWEEN PATTERN AND DEPOSITS 32
UNCERTAINTY BECAUSE OF ONE OR MORE MISSING PATTERNS 35
CONCLUDING REMARKS 38
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 39
REFERENCES 39
Chapter 2. Statistical Classifícation of Regional Geochemical Samples Using Local Characteristic Models and Data of the Geochemical Atlas of Finland and from the Nordkalott Project 42
ABSTRACT 42
INTRODUCTION 42
THE DATA SET 44
DATA COMPRESSION BY FACTOR ANALYSIS 44
CLASSIFICATION BY EMPIRICAL DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS 44
SELECTED MODELS FOR ORES 46
THE MEANING OF THE MODELS 47
PERFORMANCE OF THE CLASSIFICATION 47
EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS 48
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DATA 59
DISCUSSION 59
REFERENCES 60
Chapter 3. A Map-Comparison Technique Utilizing Weighted Input Parameters 62
ABSTRACT 62
INTRODUCTION 62
ALTERATIONS 65
WORKED EXAMPLE 65
CONCLUSION 70
REFERENCES 71
Chapter 4. Intrinsic Sample Methodology 72
ABSTRACT 72
INTRODUCTION 72
INTRINSIC SAMPLE (IS) THEORY 73
INFORMATION ISSUES AND ANALYTICAL METHODS 75
INTRINSIC SAMPLE CASE STUDY - WALKER LAKE QUADRANGLE 76
SUMMARY STATEMENT 90
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 93
REFERENCES 93
Chapter 5. Evaluation of the Gold Potential of the Bohemian Massif 94
ABSTRACT 94
INTRODUCTION 94
DATABASE OF GOLD OCCURRENCES 95
CLASSIFICATION OF GOLD DEPOSITS 95
EVALUATION OF GOLD POTENTIAL 96
RESULTS 97
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 101
REFERENCES 101
Chapter 6. Comparison of Subjective and Objective Methods in Quantitative Exploration: Case Studies 102
ABSTRACT 102
INTRODUCTION 103
COMPARISON AND DISCUSSION 103
CONCLUSION 114
REFERENCES 115
Chapter 7. Analysis and Integration of Reconnaissance Data in a Mineral-Resource Assessment of Austria 116
ABSTRACT 116
INTRODUCTION 117
THE STUDY AREA AND BASIC DATA SETS 118
THE GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM 121
ANALYSIS OF GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL DATA 124
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 136
REFERENCES 136
Chapter 8. Region - SCANDING - Mineral Forecasting Computer System 138
ABSTRACT 138
REFERENCES 142
Chapter 9. Man-Machine Analysis of Geological Maps 144
ABSTRACT 144
REFERENCES 148
Chapter 10. GEONIX — an UNIX-based Automatic Data-Processing System Applied to Geoscience Information 150
ABSTRACT 150
INTRODUCTION 150
SYSTEM OBJECTIVES AND APPROACHES 151
FILE DESCRIPTION 152
GEONIX FUNCTIONS 156
SPECIAL USER APPLICATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT 161
AN ILLUSTRATION OF GEONIX 162
CONCLUSION 164
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 164
Chapter 11. Methods and Techniques of the Prediction of Metallic and Nonmetallic Raw Materials Using Microcomputers in Czechoslovakia 166
ABSTRACT 166
REFERENCES 172
Chapter 12. Use of Characteristic Analysis Coupled with Other Quantitative Techniques in Mineral-Resources Appraisal of Precambrian Areasin Sao Paulo - Brazil 174
ABSTRACT 174
INTRODUCTION 175
METHODOLOGY 175
USE OF THE AUXILIARY QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES 180
CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS 190
RESULTS GENERATED BY THE MODELS 192
CONCLUSIONS 200
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 200
REFERENCES 200
Chapter 13. INTERCRAST — The Technology for Prognosisand Quantitative Assessment of Mineralizationin Regions of Intrusive Magmatism Based onNumerical Modeling 204
ABSTRACT 204
TYPES OF ORE-LOCALIZING CONDITIONS 205
THE INTERCRAST TECHNOLOGY 207
SUMMARY 210
PART II: DATA INTEGRATION IN MINERALEXPLORATION BY IMAGE PROCESSINGAND OTHER TECHNIQUES 214
Chapter 14. Use of Image Prrocessing andIntegrated Analysis in Explorationby Outokumpu Oy, Finland 216
ABSTRACT 216
INTRODUCTION 216
PROCESSING SYSTEMS USED 219
IMAGE PROCESSING AND INTEGRATION METHODS 219
SATELLITE AND GEOPHYSICAL IMAGERY IN EXPLORATION 222
IMAGES OF OTHER DATA SETS 228
DISCUSSION 229
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 230
REFERENCES 230
Chapter 15. Mappable Data Integration Techniques inMineral Exploration 234
ABSTRACT 234
INTRODUCTION 235
DESCRIPTION AND CAPABILITIES OF MARICA SYSTEM 235
DATA REPRESENTATION 237
CREATION OF SPECIFIC INTERFACES 237
EXAMPLES 241
CONCLUSION 244
REFERENCES 244
APPENDIX 245
Chapter 16. The Use of Digital Elavation ModelsComputed from Spot Stereopairs forUranium Exploration 246
ABSTRACT 246
INTRODUCTION 246
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 247
RESULTS 249
SOME USES FOR SPOT-DERIVED DEMS INGEOLOGICAL STUDIES 249
REFERENCES 259
PART III: APPLICATIONS IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION 260
Chapter 17. Conditional Simulation in Oil Exploration 262
ABSTRACT 262
INTRODUCTION 262
GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 263
DATA DESCRIPTION 266
CONDITIONAL SIMULATION OF STRUCTURAL SURFACES 266
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SIMULATED "CLOSURES" ANDOIL OCCURRENCES 267
CONCLUSION 275
REFERENCES 275
Chapter 18. Computer-Assisted Estimation of Discoveryand Production of Crude Oil fromUndiscovered Acciunulations 276
ABSTRACT 276
INTRODUCTION 276
THE SEAPUP MODEL 278
PREPARATION FOR THE ESTIMATES 278
ANNUAL DRILLING MODEL 279
ONSHORE PETROLEUM TRAPS MODEL 280
EFFICIENCY OF EXPLORATION MODEL 283
DETERMINATION OF THE ALPHA EXPONENT 283
ECONOMIC ACCUMULATION SIZE MODEL 285
LEAD TIME MODEL 285
ACCUMULATION PRODUCTION RATE MODEL 285
OUTPUT FROM THE SEAPUP PROGRAM 286
LIMITATIONS OF THE MODEL 290
CHECKING THE ESTIMATES AND THE MODEL 292
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 293
REFERENCES 293
Chapter 19. Geostatistical Characterization of SelectedOil-Shale and Phosphate Deposits in Israel 296
ABSTRACT 296
OBJECTIVES AND PROCEDURES 297
GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND GENERALBACKGROUND INFORMATION 298
REVIEW OF CASE STUDIES 302
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 320
REFERENCES 321
Chapter 20. Pore Geometry Evaluation by PetrographicImage Analysis 324
ABSTRACT 324
INTRODUCTION 325
POROS - A PROCEDURE FORPORE GEOMETRY EVALUATION 327
PORE GEOMETRY DATA GENERATED BY POROS 330
CORRELATION OF PORE GEOMETRY DATAAGAINST PERMEABILITY 330
PORE GEOMETRY CLASSIFICATION 334
PERMEABILITY CALCULATIONS USING PORE GEOMETRY DATA 334
REFERENCES 342
Chapter 21. Space Modeling and Multivariate Techniquesfor Prognosis of Hydrocarbons 344
ABSTRACT 344
INTRODUCTION 345
MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND NUMERICAL METHODS 345
A CASE STUDY 349
SUMMARY 357
REFERENCES 360
Chapter 22. Petroleum Prospect Size Estimationby Numerical Methods 362
ABSTRACT 362
INTRODUCTION 363
MANUAL CALCULATION - MATRIX METHODS 363
MONTE-CARLO METHODS 364
ANALYTICAL APPROXIMATION 365
THE LATIN-SQUARES APPROXIMATION METHOD 366
REFERENCES 369
Chapter 23. The Use of Expert Systems in the Identification of Siliciclastic Depositional Systems for Hydrocarbon Reservoir Assessment 370
ABSTRACT 370
INTRODUCTION 370
THE BASIS FOR THE APPLICATION OFEXPERT SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY 371
THE EXPERT SYSTEM 375
CONCLUSIONS 387
REFERENCES 387
PART IV: INVENTORIES 390
Chapter 24. Geological Comparison of Brazil and China by State 392
ABSTRACT 392
INTRODUCTION 393
METHOD OF ANALYSIS 394
DESCRIPTION OF THE RESULTS 396
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 415
POSTSCRIPT 417
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 417
REFERENCES 417
Chapter 25. Application of Q-Analysis to the GLOBAL Databank: A Geological Comparison of theU.S.S.R. and the U.S.A. 420
ABSTRACT 420
INTRODUCTION 420
DATA ACQUISITION AND TRANSFORMATIONS 421
DISCUSSION 424
SUMMARY 432
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 432
REFERENCES 432
Chapter 26. Explorational Databases at the Geological Survey of Finland 434
ABSTRACT 434
BACKGROUND: HISTORY AND BASIC PRINCIPLES 435
GEOLOGICAL CONTENT AND DATA DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE 436
TECHNICAL SOLUTION OF THE DATABASES 439
UTILIZATION OF THE DATABANKS 441
JOB-DEFINED DATABASES 443
REFERENCES 445
PART V: RELATED STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES 447
MULTIPLE CENSORING 449
REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE CENSORED DATA 451
EXAMPLE 453
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 458
REFERENCES 458
APPENDIX A. SCORING METHOD 459
Chapter 28. Trend Analysis on a Personal Computer:Problems and Solutions 462
ABSTRACT 462
INTRODUCTION 462
CONTOURING 463
POLYNOMIAL TREND ANALYSIS 466
FOURIER SERIES ANALYSIS 470
CONCLUSIONS 473
REFERENCES 474
Index 476