Constitution of the Earth's Interior (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Constitution of the Earth's Interior 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Preface to the Series Physics and Evolution of the Earth's Interior 6
Preface 8
Basic Parameters of the Solar System 14
Chapter 1. Equations of State and Geophysical Equations of State 16
1.1 INTRODUCTION 16
1.2 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF EQUATIONS OF STATE 18
1.3 EQUATIONS OF STATE IN A WIDE RANGE OF CHANGES OF THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS 20
1.4 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN HIGH PRESSURE PHYSICS 28
1.5 THERMODYNAMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EQUATIONS OF STATE 35
1.6 EQUATIONS OF STATE RESULTING FROM THE THEORY OF A CONTINUOUS MEDIUM 39
1.7 EQUATIONS OF STATE OBTAINED FROM MODELS OF QUANTUM-MECHANICS INTERACTIONS 47
1.8 EQUATION OF GRÜNEISEN 53
1.9 THE THOMAS–FERMI EQUATION 58
1.10 GEOPHYSICAL EQUATIONS OF STATE 64
REFERENCES 75
Chapter 2. Distribution of Selected Physical Parameters in the Earth and Planetary Interiors 79
2.1 OBSERVATIONAL BASES 79
2.2 BASIC EQUATIONS 81
2.3 REVIEW OF MODELS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH'S INTERIOR 89
2.4 MODELS OF PLANETARY INTERIORS 100
REFERENCES 112
Chapter 3. Creep Processes, Viscosity Models and the Quality Factor Q in the Earth's Interior 114
3.1 ROCK PROPERTIES UNDER HIGH PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES 114
3.2 CREEP PROCESSES IN THE MANTLE 121
3.3 VISCOSITY MODELS 135
3.4 Q FACTOR AND DISSIPATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY IN THE EARTH'S INTERIOR 149
REFERENCES 158
Chapter 4. Thermal Energy and Heat Flow in the Earth's Interior 162
4.1 HEAT FLOW OF THE EARTH 162
4.2 GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT WITHIN THE EARTH 175
4.3 PHONON TRANSFER IN THE EARTHS MANTLE 197
4.4 RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN THE EARTH'S MANTLE 210
REFERENCES 228
Chapter 5. The Structure of the Earth's Interior 235
5.1 INTRODUCTION 235
5.2 STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH'S CRUST 237
5.3 THE UPPER MANTLE OF THE EARTH 247
5.4 THE LOWER MANTLE AND THE EARTH'S CORE 254
REFERENCES 257
Chapter 6. Phase Transformations: Elements of the Theory and Geophysical Applications 261
6.1 POSSIBILITY OF PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE EARTH'S INTERIOR 261
6.2 THERMODYNAMICS OF PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS 266
6.3 KINETICS OF PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS 271
6.4 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN STATIC MODELS OF THE EARTH WITH SPHERICAL SYMMETRY 280
6.5 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN AREAS UNDERGOING GLOBAL DEFORMATIONS 282
6.6 PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS AND GENERATION OF EARTHQUAKES 298
REFERENCES 299
Chapter 7. Hypothetical Phase Transformations in the Earth's Mantle 302
7.1 INTRODUCTION 302
7.2 TRANSFORMATIONS OF CRYSTALLINE SILICA POLYMORPHS 306
7.3 THE GABBRO . ECLOGITE TRANSITION AND THE NATURE OF THE MOHOROClC DISCONTINUITY 307
7.4 PHASE TRANSITIONS IN PYROLITE OF THE LOWER LITHOSPHERE AND ASTHENOSPHERE 313
7.5 HIGH-PRESSURE PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN A2BO4 COMPOUNDS — Mg AND Fe ORTHOSILICATES 317
7.6 HIGH-PRESSURE PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN ABO3 COMPOUNDS — Mg AND Fe METASILICATES 328
REFERENCES 335
Chapter 8· Petrology and Elements of Geochemistry 339
8.1 INTRODUCTION 339
8.2 THE EARTH'S CORE 340
8.3 THE EARTH'S MANTLE 344
8.4 IGNEOUS PROCESSES AND ROCKS 350
8.5 THE EARTHS CRUST 362
REFERENCES 368
APPENDIX 372
Index 376