Photorefractive Materials (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Photorefractive Materials 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Preface 6
Sponsors 8
Part I: Insulating Materials: Growth and Characterization 14
Chapter 1. Optically induced charge transfer paths between defects in BaTiO3 containing rhodium 14
Abstract 14
1. Introduction 14
2. Method and experimental details 15
3. Results and their interpretation 15
4. Discussion 17
References 18
Chapter 2. Dual wavelength characterisation of shallow traps in 'blue' BaTiO3 19
Abstract 19
1. Introduction 19
2. Theoretical framework 20
3. Comparison between the numerical model and experiments 22
4. Conclusions 23
References 23
Chapter 3. Observation and interpretation of photocurrents in KTaO3 : Li single crystals 24
Abstract 24
1. Introduction 24
2. Experimental conditions and results 25
3. Explanation of the photoconductivity and electronic impurity structure calculation 26
4. Conclusion 28
References 28
Chapter 4. Growth of SBN single crystals by Stepanov technique for photorefractive applications 29
Abstract 29
1. Introduction 29
2. Crystal growth 29
3. Stepanov technique comparison with Czochralski method
4. Crystal characterization 31
5. Photorefractive properties 32
6. Conclusions 33
References 34
Chapter 5. Ion-beam/channeling characterization of LiNbO3: interaction between impurity sites 35
Abstract 35
1. Introduction 35
2. Summary of ion-beam results on impurity location 36
3. Interaction between Mg and Hf impurity sites 36
Acknowledgments 39
References 39
Chapter 6. Elastic and piezoelectric constants of Bi12TiO20 crystals 40
Abstract 40
References 41
Chapter 7. Local measurement system for optical and electro-optic characterization and homogeneity analysis of photorefractive sillenite crystals 43
Abstract 43
1. Introduction 43
2. Measurement methodologies 44
3. Experimental set-up 45
4. Results 46
5. Conclusion 48
Acknowledgement 48
References 48
Chapter 8. Shallow traps in doped SBN crystals 49
Abstract 49
1. Theoretical introduction 49
2. Fanning brightness and passive ring mirrorr eflectivity 50
3. Four-wave mixing dynamics for a signal of varying in time spatial structure 50
4. Quark decay of gratings 51
5. Conclusion 51
Acknowledgement 51
References 52
Chapter 9. P-doping growth of photorefractive Bi12TiO20 single crystals 53
Abstract 53
1. Introduction 53
2. Single crystal growth experiments 53
3. Crystal habit of P-doped BTO 54
4. Optical properties of P-doped BTO 55
5. Synthesis of Bi12PO20-* (BPO) 56
6. Summary 57
Acknowledgement 57
References 57
Chapter 10. Influence of initial conditions on the optical and electrical characterisation of sillenite-type crystals 58
Abstract 58
1. Introduction 58
2. Experimental results 58
3. Discussion 61
Acknowledgements 61
References 62
Part II: 
63 
Chapter 11. Optical and EPR properties of V and Ti ions in CdTe 63
Abstract 63
1. Introduction 63
2. EPR of CdTe: V 63
3. Optical data of CdTe:V 66
4. EPR of CdTe:Ti 67
5. Optical data of CdTe:Ti 68
6. Conclusions 69
References 70
Chapter 12. Optically detected magnetic resonance investigations on titanium and vanadium ions in CdTe 71
Abstract 71
1. Introduction 71
2. Samples and experimental 71
3. Experimental results 72
4. Summary 74
References 74
Chapter 13. Characterization of Ti and V doped CdTe by time dependent charge measurement (TDCM) and photoinduced current transient spectroscopy (PICTS) 75
Abstract 75
1. Introduction 75
2. Experimental details 76
3. Discussion of the experimental results 78
4. Conclusion 79
References 79
Chapter 14. Behaviour of hole and electron dominated photoretractive CdTe: V crystals under external continuous or periodic electric field 80
Abstract 80
1. Introduction 80
2. Experimental details 80
3. Photorefractive characteristics 81
4. Discussion 83
5. Conclusion 83
Acknowledgement 84
References 84
Chapter 15. Observation of the photorefractive effect in vanadium-doped CdMnTe 85
Abstract 85
References 87
Chapter 16. Photorefractive effect in (001 )-cut GaAs at short pulse excitation 88
Abstract 88
1. Introduction 88
2. Samples and techniques 89
3. Carrier and space charge field dynamics 89
4. Experimental data 90
5. Discussion 92
6. Conclusion 93
Acknowledgement 93
References 93
Chapter 17. Comparative study of CdTe and GaAs photorefractive performances from 1 µm to 1.55 µm 94
Abstract 94
1. Introduction 94
2. Experimental set-up and samples 94
3. Experimental results in CdTe 95
4. Experimental results in GaAs 96
5. Comparison between CdTe and GaAs 96
6. Conclusion 97
References 97
Chapter 18. Infrared holographic recording in LiNbO3:Fe and LiNbO3:Cu 98
Abstract 98
1. Introduction 98
2. Experimental methods 98
3. Experimental results 99
4. Discussion 100
5. Conclusions 101
References 101
Chapter 19. Crystal growth and characterization of CdTe doped with transition metal elements 102
Abstract 102
1. Introduction 102
2. Crystal growth 102
3. Chemical analysis 103
4. Crystallographic properties 103
5. Mechanical properties 103
6. Optical properties of V-doped crystals 104
7. Conclusions 105
Acknowledgments 105
References 105
Chapter 20. Characterization and identification of the deep levels in V doped CdTe and their relationship with the photorefractive properties 107
Abstract 107
1. Introduction 107
2. Experimental details 108
3. Results and discussions 110
Acknowledgements 112
References 112
Chapter 21. On the mobility-lifetime product in GaAs determined byphotorefractive measurements 113
Abstract 113
References 116
Chapter 22. Photorefractive effect in GaAs at low temperature:influence of the metastable state of the EL2 defect 117
Abstract 117
1. Introduction 117
2. Set-up and sample 117
3. Experimental results 118
4. The EL2 defect and its metastable state 119
5. Theoretical background 120
6. Conclusion 122
Acknowledgments 122
References 122
Chapter 23. Picosecond transient gratings in GaAs: experiments and modelling 123
Abstract 123
1. Introduction 123
2. Experimental details 123
3. Grating type at high photonic excitation 124
4. Gratings kinetics 124
5. Optical erasure of gratings 125
6. Conclusion 127
References 127
Chapter 24. Effective trap concentration in photo refractive CdTe: V and ZnCdTe : V crystals 128
Abstract 128
1. Introduction 128
2. Crystal growth 128
3. Experimental results 129
4. Discussion 130
Acknowledgments 130
References 131
Chapter 25. Density of states in the gap of CdTe : V deduced from the modulated photocurrent technique 132
Abstract 132
1. Introduction 132
2. Experiments 132
3. Results and discussion 133
4. Conclusions 136
Acknowledgements 136
References 136
Part III: 
137 
Chapter 26. The photorefractive effect for neutron and synchrotron radiation 137
Abstract 137
1. The photorefractive effect - an introduction 137
2. Basic considerations on the electro-optic effect 137
3. Neutron electro-optics 138
4. Other photorefractive mechanisms relevant to particle radiation 140
Acknowledgement 141
References 141
Chapter 27. Temperature dependence of photorefractive properties of Cr-doped potassium sodium strontium barium niobate 142
Abstract 142
1. Introduction 142
2. Theoretical treatment 142
3. Experiment 144
4. Conclusion 145
Acknowledgments 145
References 146
Chapter 28. Photorefractive effects in LiNbO3: Fe,Me at high light intensities 147
Abstract 147
References 150
Chapter 29. Time evolution of photorefractive fixing processes in LiNbO3 151
Abstract 151
1. Introduction 151
2. Experimental details 152
3. Results 152
4. Temperature dependence 153
5. "Short-waiting" versus "long-waiting" fixing kinetics 153
Acknowledgments 154
References 154
Chapter 30. Photorefractive effect in the Fourier plane 155
Abstract 155
1. Introduction 155
2. The Whole Beam Method 155
3. Nonlinearity of the photorefractive response 156
4. Index variation 158
5. Conclusion 159
Acknowledgements 159
References 159
Chapter 31. Picosecond laser pulse induced effects in bismuth-tellurite, Bi2TeO5 160
Abstract 160
1. Introduction 160
2. Experimental techniques and results 160
3. Discussion 162
4. Conclusion 163
Acknowledgment 164
References 164
Chapter 32. Effect of light phase-shifts on photorefractive kinetics:linear regime 165
Abstract 165
1. Introduction 165
2. Theoretical background 165
3. Results 166
References 168
Chapter 33. Temporal behaviour of the phase conjugate wave obtained by means of a BaTiO3 crystal in a CAT configuration 169
Abstract 169
1. Introduction 169
2. Experimental set-up and relevant results 169
3. Discussion of the experimental results 171
4. Conclusion 173
Acknowledgemen 174
References 174
Chapter 34. Influence of different impurities on light-induced scattering in doped LiNbO3 crystals 175
Abstract 175
References 178
Chapter 35. Laser-induced transient gratings in LiNbO3:Fe 179
Abstract 179
1. Introduction 179
2. Experimental methods 180
3. Results and discussion 180
4. Conclusions 182
Acknowledgements 182
References 182
Chapter 36. Influence of the ac field frequency on the photorefractive response in Bi12SiO20 183
Abstract 183
References 186
Chapter 37. Numerical simulation of the time evolution of photorefractive phase conjugate beams: Multigrating operation 187
Abstract 187
1. Introduction 187
2. Numerical method 187
3. Results 188
Acknowledgments 190
References 190
Part IV: 
191 
Chapter 38. Photorefractive multiple quantum well materials and applications to signal processing 191
Abstract 191
References 198
Chapter 39. Room temperature photorefractive effect in CdTe/CdZnTe multi quantum wells 200
Abstract 200
1. Introduction 200
2. Principle of the DI-SEED 201
3. Experiments 201
4. Discussion and conclusion 203
References 203
Chapter 40. The photorefractive effect in terbium gallium garnet 204
Abstract 204
1. Introduction 204
2. Experimental 204
3. Results 205
4. Discussion 207
5. Conclusion 207
Acknowledgement 207
References 208
Chapter 41. Fast photorefractive materials using quantum wells 209
Abstract 209
1. Advantages of quantum well over bulk photorefractives 209
2. Previous work on quantum well photorefractives 210
3. Layers of InAs-islands as lateral diffusion stoppers 211
4. Quantum well photorefractive device with no electrical contacts 212
References 213
Chapter 42. Nonlinear photorefractive polymers 215
Abstract 215
1. Introduction 215
2. Requirements for the development of a photorefractive polymer 216
3. Four-wave mixing and two-beam coupling experiments 217
4. Birefringence and electro-optic effects in photorefractive polymers 217
5. Conclusion 218
References 218
Chapter 43. Optically produced local space charge field in a quantum heterostructure towards an all-optical thin film photorefractive device
Abstract 219
References 222
Chapter 44. Model of resonant electrooptical effect near exciton peak for MQW structures 223
Abstract 223
1. Introduction 223
2. Basics of the model 224
3. Calculations of effective electrooptic coefficient 224
4. Discussion 224
References 226
Chapter 45. Electric field and refractive-index change of a deep-impurity doped single hetero-structures 227
Abstract 227
References 230
Part V: 
231 
Chapter 46. Holographic storage – the quest for the ideal material continues 231
Abstract 231
1. Introduction 231
2. Concepts and features of holographic storage 232
3. Progress in the enabling technologies 233
4. Material requirements 233
5. Photorefractive materials 234
6. Material cost 235
7. Summary 235
References 235
Chapter 47. Demonstrator concepts and performance of a photorefractive optical novelty filter 237
Abstract 237
1. Introduction 237
2. Experiments and results 238
3. Image processing 240
4. Conclusion 241
References 241
Chapter 48. Photorefractive BaTiO3: an efficient material for laser wavefront correction 242
Abstract 242
1. Introduction 242
2. Beam clean-up arrangement 242
3. Self-pumped phase conjugating mirror configuration 244
4. Conclusion 246
Acknowledgments 246
References 246
Chapter 49. Investigation of the time behaviour of different self-pumped phase conjugating mirrors for the application in interferometric systems 247
Abstract 247
1. Introduction 247
2. Experimental setup 249
3. Experimental results 250
4. Summary and conclusions 251
References 252
Chapter 50. Holographic memory using long photorefractive fiber array 253
Abstract 253
1. Introduction 253
2. Desirable performance and device requirements 253
3. Optical implementation 254
4. Image holography 254
5. Spectral volume holography 257
6. Experiment 258
7. Summary 258
Acknowledgements 259
References 259
Chapter 51. Phase conjugate mirrors on the base of Bi12TiO20 photorefractive fibre 260
Abstract 260
1. Introduction 260
2. Experimental configuration 260
3. Fanning effect 261
4. Double phase-conjugate mirror 262
5. Conclusion 263
Acknowledgement 264
References 264
Chapter 52. UV induced densifîcation during Bragg grating inscription inGe: SiO2 preforms: interferometric microscopy investigations 265
Abstract 265
1. Introduction 265
2. Experimental details and preliminary experiments 265
3. Results 267
4. Discussion 268
5. Conclusion 269
Acknowledgements 269
References 270
Chapter 53. Deeply modulated stabilized photorefractive recording in LiNbO3:Fe 271
Abstract 271
1. Introduction 271
2. Self-stabilized holographic recording 271
3. Beyond 100% diffraction efficiency 273
4. Photorefractive sensitivity 273
5. Conclusions 274
Acknowledgments 274
References 274
Chapter 54. Cross-talk in multiplexed holograms using angular selectivityin LiNb03 275
Abstract 275
1. Introduction 275
2. Theoretical treatment 276
3. Experimental setup 276
4. Results 277
5. Discussion and conclusions 278
Acknowledgements 279
References 279
Chapter 55. Coherent erasure and updating of holograms in LiNbO3 280
Abstract 280
1. Introduction 280
2. Results 280
3. Discussion and conclusions 282
Acknowledgements 283
References 283
Chapter 56. Refreshed photorefractive buffer memory for permanent readout 284
Abstract 284
1. Introduction 284
2. Refreshing 285
3. Experimental demonstration 286
4. Conclusion 287
Acknowledgment 287
References 287
Chapter 57. General formalism for angular and phase-encoding multiplexing in holographic image storage 289
Abstract 289
1. Introduction 289
2. Theoretical formalism 290
3. Conclusion 293
References 293
Chapter 58. The relation between temperature gradients and structural perfection of single-crystal Bi12SiO20 and Bi12TiO20 fibers grown by the LHPG method 294
Abstract 294
1. Introduction 294
2. Experimental 295
3. Discussion 295
4. Conclusion 297
References 297
Chapter 59. Holographic double-exposure interferometry with tetragonal KTa1–xNbxO: Fe crystals 298
Abstract 298
1. Introduction 298
2. Experimental methods 299
3. Results and discussion 300
4. Conclusions 300
Acknowledgement 301
References 301