New Frontiers in Rare Earth Science and Applications (eBook)

Front Cover 1
New Frontiers in Rare Earth Science and Applications 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
CHAPTER 1. RARE EARTH LASERS 26
Introduction 26
Rare Earth Ion—Host Properties 27
Recent Developments 29
Future 30
Acknowledgments 31
REFERENCES 31
CHAPTER 2. THE STRUCTURE AND EXCITATION OF RARE-EARTH LUMINESCENCE CENTERS IN ZnS 35
I. THE STRUCTURE OF THE RELC 35
II. THE PHOTO-EXCITATION OF THE RELC 37
III. ENERGY TRANSFER FROM OTHER IMPURITIES TO RELC 39
IV. EXCITATION OF RE CENTER BY ET IN ELECTROLUMINESCENCE (EL) 41
V. EXCITATION OF RE CENTER BY DIRECT COLLISION 42
REFERENCES 43
CHAPTER 3. QUENCHING AND SENSITIZATION OF RARE EARTH LUMINESCENCE 45
I. INTRODUCTION 45
II. QUENCHING OF RARE EARTH LUMINESCENCE 45
III. SENSITIZATION OF Eu3+ BY Bi3+ 50
REFERENCES 52
CHAPTER 4. ENERGY TRANSFER FROM TRANSITION METAL TORARE EARTH IONS IN OXIDE LATTICES 54
CHAPTER 5. RARE EARTH SESQUISULFIDES: POTENTIAL SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION MATERIALS 55
CHAPTER 6. ENERGY TRANSFER FROM THE HIGHER EXCITED STATES OF Mn TO Sm IN ZnS:Mn, Sm 56
REFERENCES 58
CHAPTER 7. THE ENERGY LEVEL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIVALENT LANTHANIDE 59
CHAPTER 8. LUMINESCENCE OF MFX:Eu2+(M=Ca, Sr, Ba X=Cl, Br, I)
I. EXPERIMENTAL 60
II. RESULTS 60
III. DISCUSSION 61
REFERENCES 64
CHAPTER 9. THE SIMILAR CENTERS OF ZnS: (Sm, Li) 65
I. INTRODUCTION 65
II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 65
Ill. DISCUSSION 66
REFERENCES 67
CHAPTER 10. LUMINESCENCE CENTERS IN ZnS:Nd, Na 69
REFERENCES 72
CHAPTER 11. EXCITATION OF THE LUMINESCENCE OF TRIVALENT LANTHANIDES IN SULFIDES THROUGH CHARGE TRANSFER OR f . d TRANSITIONS 73
I - CHARGE TRANSFER EXCITATION 74
II - 4f . 5d TRANSITIONS 75
III - EMISSION SPECTRA 75
REFERENCES 76
CHAPTER 12. X-RAY INDUCED THERMALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE OF NaYF4 PHOSPHORS DOPED WITH RARE EARTHS 77
I. INTRODUCTION 77
II. EXPERIMENTAL 78
III. RESULTS 78
IV DISCUSSION 80
REFERENCES 81
CHAPTER 13. LUMINESCENCE OF RARE EARTH DOPED BaMgf4 UNDER UV AND X-RAYS 82
ABSTRACT 82
INTRODUCTION 82
RESULTS 82
REFERENCES 84
CHAPTER 14. GAMMA RAY INDUCED THERMOLUMINESCENCE OF BaFC1 CRYSTALS DOPED WITH RARE EARTH IONS 86
CHAPTER 15. EXCITATION SPECTRA AND FORWARD INJECTION ELECTROLUMINESCENCE OF Er3+ IONS IN ZnS 88
I. INTRODUCTION 88
II. THE EXCITATION SPECTRA OF ZnS:RE3+ 88
III. FORWARD INJECTION EL OF ZnS:Er3+ 89
REFERENCES 90
CHAPTER 16. PREPARATION AND LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF CaS: Sm PHOSPHORS 91
I. PREPARATION OF THE MATERIALS 91
II. CATHODOLUMINESCENCE OF CaS: Sm PHOSPHORS 92
III. PHOTOLUMINESCENCE 92
REFERENCES 93
CHAPTER 17. ENERGY TRANSFER FROM Tb3+ TO Ce3+ IN CaS:Ce, Tb 96
REFERENCES 97
CHAPTER 18. THE FLUORESCENT PROPERTIES OF Tb3+ AND CROSS RELAXATION BETWEEN Dy3+ AND Tb3+ IN Dyx TbyY1- x-y .5O14 CRYSTALS 100
I. CROSS RELAXATION PROBABILITY 100
II. FLUORESCENT INTENSITIES OF Tb3+ 101
REFERENCES 104
CHAPTER 19. THE LUMINESCENCE OF Ce3+ IN SOME SULPHUR COMPOUNDS 105
REFERENCES 109
CHAPTER 20. PARAMETRIZATION OF 4f-4f TRANSITION PROBABILITIES OFNa5Eu (MO4)4 (M = Mo, W) HOSTS 111
I. INTRODUCTION 111
II. EXPERIMENTAL 111
Ill. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 111
REFERENCES 114
CHAPTER 21. APPLICATION OF THE "THREE PARAMETERS" THEORY TO THE CRYSTAL FIELD CALCULATION OF SCHEELITE RELATED RARE EARTH NOLYBDATES AND TUNGSTATES 115
REFERENCES 116
CHAPTER 22. Direct Observation of a Crossing of Crystal Field Levels 119
Acknowledgement 125
References 125
CHAPTER 23. SPECTRA INTENSITY PARAMETER OF Dy P5O14 SINGLE CRYSTALS 129
I. OSCILLATOR STRENGTHS AND O. PARAMETERS 129
II. RADIATIVE TRANSITION PROBABILITIES 130
III. CONCLUSION 132
REFERENCES 134
CHAPTER 24. SYNTHESIS, COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE AND LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF M2R SbO6:Eu3+(M=Ba,Sr,Ca R=La,Gd,Y,Bi) COMPLEX OXIDE
REFERENCES 139
CHAPTER 25. INVESTIGATION OF FLUORESCENCE PROPERTIES OF EUROPIUM 2-NAPHTHOYLTRIFLUOROACETONATE AND 2-FURANOYLTRIFLUO-ROACETINATE CHELATE 140
REFERENCES 142
CHAPTER 26. INVESTIGATION OF Er3. Tm3+ ENERGY TRANSFERS IN LaOBr:Er,Tm 143
I. INTRODUCTION 143
II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 143
REFERENCES 148
CHAPTER 27. INFRARED TRANSITIONS IN LaOBr:Er3+ , Tm3 PHOSPHORS 149
I. INTRODUCTION 149
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 149
REFERENCES 154
CHAPTER 28. OPTIMIZATION OF COLOR RENDERING PROPERTIES OF FLUORESCENT LAMPS AND THEIR SPECTRAL POWER DISTRIBUTION 155
REFERENCES 157
CHAPTER 29. A NEW WAY TO IMPROVE THE LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY OF FLUORESCENT LÁMPS 159
CHAPTER 30. ON THE LUMINESCENCE OF PEROVSKITE TYPE RARE EARTH GALLATES 163
I. SYNTHESIS AND PHASE ANALYSIS OF COMPOUNDS 163
II. SPECTRASCOPIC PROPERTIES OF RARE EARTH GALLATES 164
III. CONCLUSION 166
REFERENCES 166
CHAPTER 31. LUMINESCENCE BEHAVIOR OF TERBIUM CHELATES 167
REFERENCES 169
CHAPTER 32. LUMINESCENCE LIFE TIME, A TOOL FOR STUDY OF COMPLEX FORMATION 170
CHAPTER 33. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF CATHODOLUMINESCENT RARE EARTH IONS IN THIN FILMS 171
I. ABSTRACT 171
II. INTRODUCTION 171
III. STEM EXPERIMENT 172
IV. RESULTS 172
V. CONCLUSIONS 174
REFERENCES 174
CHAPTER 34. A REVIEW OF RARE-EARTH PERMANENT MAGNETS, APPLICATIONS AND PROSPECTS 175
ABSTRACT 175
INTRODUCTION 175
THE RARE-EARTH MAGNETS: BASICS 176
RARE-EARTH MAGNET TYPES AND PROPERTIES 177
APPLICATIONS FOR REPM 178
FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR REPM 179
CHAPTER 35. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF RARE EARTH INTERMETALLICS 182
I. INTRODUCTION 182
II. SYSTEMATICS OF RARE-EARTH-ALLOYS 182
III. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF RARE-EARTH-ELEMENTS 183
IV. BINARY SYSTEMS Ra Bb 183
V. TERNARY AND MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS 185
VI. Nd2Fe14B-MAGNETS AND RELATED MAGNETS 185
VII. SUMMARY 188
References 189
CHAPTER 36. NEODYMI UM-I RON-BORON PERMANENT MAGNETS BY RAPID SOLIDIFICATION 190
CHAPTER 37. Ce-DIDYMIUM-Fe-B SINTERED PERMANENT MAGNETS 191
ABSTRACT 191
I. INTRODUCTION 191
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 191
III. REULTS AND DISCUSSION 192
REFERENCES 193
CHAPTER 38. MAGNETIC MOMENTS AND COERCIVITIES OF (Fe1_xNdx)94B6 METALLIC GLASSES 198
REFERENCES 201
CHAPTER 39. THE MAGNETIC MOMENT OF HEAVY RARE EARTH METALS 202
I - INTRODUCTION 202
II - DIRAC'S MODEL 202
Ill - EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL MAGNETIC MOMENTS 204
REFERENCES 205
CHAPTER 40. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SOME PSEUDOBINARY Gd2Co7- BASED COMPOUNDS 207
INTRODUCTION 207
EXPERIMENTAL 207
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 207
CONCLUSIONS 210
REFERENCES 210
CHAPTER 41. LPE GROWTH OF NARROW LINEWIDTH SINGLE CRYSTAL FILMS OF La3+-DOPED YIG 211
REFERENCES 213
CHAPTER 42. THE EFFECT OF IRON SUBSTITUTION ON THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF Y2Fe14B-BASED COMPOUNDS 217
INTRODUCTION 217
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 218
DISCUSSION 220
REFERENCES 220
CHAPTER 43. A NEW TYPE OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COBALT FREE PERMANENT MAGNETS 221
I. INTRODUCTION 221
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 221
REFERENCES 226
CHAPTER 44. SOME CONSIDERATION CONCERNING THE MAGNETISM OF R2Fe14B COMPOUNDS 227
INTRODUCTION 227
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 227
DISCUSSION 230
REFERENCES 230
CHAPTER 45. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF R2Fe14. MEASURED ON SINGLE CRYSTALS 231
ABSTRACT 231
I. INTRODUCTION 231
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 232
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 232
REFERENCES 238
CHAPTER 46. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF R2Fe14B SINGLE CRYSTALS 239
CHAPTER 47. MAGNETIC ANISOTROPY OF NEODYMIUM-IRON-BORON ALLOYS 240
I. INTRODUCTION 240
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 240
III. REFERENCES 243
CHAPTER 48. MAGNETOCRYSTALLINE ANISOTROPY OF R15B7Fe78 244
REFERENCE 249
CHAPTER 49. LANTHANIDE IRON MAGNETS 250
CHAPTER 50. RESONANCE STUDIES ON SOME RARE-EARTH COMPOUNDS 251
INTRODUCTION 251
EXPERIMENTAL 251
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 251
DISCUSSION 253
REFERENCES 254
CHAPTER 51. MAGNETISM AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE 255
ABSTRACT 255
I. HYDRIDES 255
II. TmSe1-xTex 257
Ill. Tm1-xEuxSe 260
IV. CONCLUSION 262
REFERENCES 262
CHAPTER 52. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF R2Co17-xMx PSEUDO-BINARY COMPOUNDS (R=Sm, Er) 263
I. INTRODUCTION 263
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 264
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 264
REFERENCES 266
CHAPTER 53. A STUDY OF NEW SUBSTITUTED Nd-B-Fe MAGNETS 270
I. INTRODUCTION 270
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 271
III. RESULTS 271
REFERENCES 273
CHAPTER 54. Magnetic Characteristics of (R,R1)KFe14B Systems (R = Nd, R' = Er,Dy) 277
ABSTRACT 277
INTRODUCTION 278
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 278
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 278
REFERENCES 283
CHAPTER 55. MOSSBAUER STUDIES OF Nd-Fe-B ALLOYS 285
I. INTRODUCTION 285
II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 285
III. DISCUSSION 286
REFERENCES 288
CHAPTER 56. A PULSE-ALIGNMENT, HEAT-TREATABLE DIE PROCESS FOR MAKING Co5Sm MAGNETS 289
I. INTRODUCTION 289
II. STUDIES TO OPTIMIZE THE PULSE-ALIGNMENT, HEAT-TREATABLE DIE PROCESS 291
III. SUMMARY 291
IV. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 292
V. REFERENCES 292
CHAPTER 57. THE MAGNETOSTRICTION OF AMORPHOUS ALLOYS TbFe2, SmCo5 and Sm2 Co17 293
I. Magnetostriction of TbFe2 293
II. Magnetostriction of SmCO5 and Sm2CO17 295
CHAPTER 58. THE DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN OF THE REPM PILOT EXCITER FOR A HUGE TURBOGENERATOR 297
I. INTRODUCTION 297
II. DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS 298
III. THE CALCULATION OF LEAKAGE FIELD 299
REFERENCE 301
CHAPTER 59. FLUX DISTRIBUTION OF RADIALLY ORIENTED MULTI-POLE MAGNET RING FOR HIGH PRECISION MINI MOTORS 303
CHAPTER 60. RARE EARTH-COBALT PERMANENT MAGNET FORCE MOTOR 308
I. INTRODUCTION 308
II. STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLE 309
III. APPLICATION OF THE RARE EARTH PERMANENT MAGNET 310
IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS 311
REFERENCES 311
CHAPTER 61. Performance Analysis of Samarium Cobalt .· .. Synchronous Motor Fed From PWM Inverters 312
Introduction 313
Sine Pulse Width Modulation Technique 315
Analysis of SPWM 316
Delta Modulation Technique for Inverters 318
Analysis of Delta Modulated PWM Inverter Output 319
Motor Performance 322
Motor Equation 322
Results 325
Conclusion 330
References 331
CHAPTER 62. THE DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN OF THE Nd-Fe-B PERMANENT MAGNET D.C. MOTOR 332
I. INTRODUCTION 332
II. SELECTION OF STRUCTURE 333
III. OPTIMUM DESIGN 333
IV. EXPERIMENT RESULTS AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 335
V. CONCLUSIONS 336
REFERENCES 337
CHAPTER 63. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAGNETIC OVERSHOT 338
I. THE PRINCIPLE OF THE STRUCTURE 338
II. THE CALCULATION OF THE MAGNETIC FORCE 338
III. DISCUSSION 341
CHAPTER 64. A STUDY OF COERCIVITY DROPPING AT 750°C IN SmCo5 MAGNETS 342
I. INTRODUCTION 342
II. CONDITIONS AND RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS 342
III. DISCUSSION 343
IV. CONCLUSION 344
CHAPTER 65. STUDIES OF MAGNESIUM RICH RARE-EARTH ALLOYS ON HYDROGEN ABSORPTION IN VACUUM 348
I. Experimental 348
II. Results and Discussions 349
References 351
CHAPTER 66. STORAGE & COMPRESSION OF HYDROGEN USING LANTHANUM ALLOYS
I. USES 352
II. Lanthanum Alloys 353
Ill. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS 355
SUMMARY 359
REFERENCES 360
CHAPTER 67. MICROCAPSULATED RARE EARTH - NICKEL HYDRIDE-FORMING MATERIALS 361
I. INTRODUCTION 361
II. PREPARATION 361
III. PROPERTIES 362
IV. CONCLUSION 364
References 364
CHAPTER 68. CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS AND HYDROGEN STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF MISCHMETAL-NICKEL COMPOUNDS 365
I. EXPERIMENTAL 365
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 366
REFERENCES 368
CHAPTER 69. A NEW INTERMEDIATE HYDRIDE IN LaNis-H2 SYSTEM 369
I. INTRODUCTION 369
II. EXPERIMENTAL 370
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 370
Reference 372
CHAPTER 70. AN X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY ON PHASE TRANSITION OF LATTICE GAS IN LaNi5Hn 373
I. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 373
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 375
REFERENCES 378
CHAPTER 71. EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN ABSORPTION ON ELECTRIC RESISTIVITIES OF LaNi5, SmCo5 AND LaCo5 FILMS 379
ABSTRACT 379
I. INTRODUCTION 379
II. EXPERIMENTAL 379
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 380
REFERENCES 382
CHAPTER 72. LaNi5 HYDROGEN STORAGE DEVICE AND ITSEFFICIENCY OF PURIFICATION 383
I. THE STRUCTURE OF HYDROGEN CONTAINER 383
II. EXPERIMENTS 384
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 384
IV. CONCLUSIONS 387
REFERENCES 387
CHAPTER 73. A STUDY OF THE DEHYDRIDING KINETICS OF RARE EARTH MAGNESIUM ALLOYS 389
I. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 390
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 391
REFERENCES 394
CHAPTER 74. INVESTIGATION OF SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF HYDROGEN BY USING La-RICH MMNi5 HYDRIDE 396
I. EXPERIMENTS 396
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 397
III. CONCLUSION 398
REFERENCES 401
CHAPTER 75. MOLTEN SALT ELECTROWINNING OF RARE-EARTHAND YTTRIUM METALS AND ALLOYS 402
I. INTRODUCTION 402
II. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 403
III. EXPERIMENTAL CELLS 406
IV. RESEARCH NEEDS 407
REFERENCES 409
CHAPTER 76. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PYROMETALLURGICAL PROCESSING OF RARE EARTHS AND ITS PROBLEMS 410
REFERENCES 418
CHAPTER 77. SOME PROGRESS IN STUDY ON PREPARATION OF RARE EARTH METALS AND THEIR ALLOYS BY FUSED SALT ELECTROLYSIS IN CHINA 420
I. INTRODUCTION 420
II. ELECTROLYTIC PREPARATION OF RARE EARTH METALS AND THEIR ALLOYS USING FUSED CHLORIDES AS ELECTROLYTE 420
III. ELECTROLYTICAL PREPARATION OF RARE EARTH METALS AND THEIR ALLOYS FROM FUSED FLUORIDE 425
IV. SUMMARY 428
REFERENCES 429
CHAPTER 78. SURVEY RESEARCH ON RARE EARTH ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS 430
I. INTRODUCTION 430
II. QUATITATIVE SURVEY 430
III. PROSPECTS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 430
Acknoeledgements 433
CHAPTER 79. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN USA RARE EARTH TECHNOLOGY 434
CHAPTER 80. THE EFFECTS OF RARE EARTH ON THE OXIDATION KINETICS OF COPPER 435
I. EXPERIMENT 435
II. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 436
III. CONCLUSION 439
REFERENCE 440
CHAPTER 81. PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON ELECTROWINING OF MISCHMETAL-ALUMINIUM ALLOYS WITH RECL -KC1 NaCl MOLTEN SALT AT LOWER TEMPERATURE 444
INTRODUCTION 444
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 444
SUMMARY 449
REFERENCES 449
CHAPTER 82. STUDIES ON SURFACE TENSION, DENSITY AND VISCOSITY OF LnC13 -KC1 NaC1 MELTS(Ln=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) 450
I. INTRODUCTION 450
II. EXPERIMENTAL 450
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 451
CONCLUSION 454
REFERENCES 455
CHAPTER 83. A STUDY OF AGEING EFFECT ON AN AL-MG-SI ALLOY CONTAINING RARE EARTH METALS 456
I. INTRODUCTION 456
II. EFFECT OF PREAGEING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTY AND MICROSTRUCTURE 457
III. THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE FOR G.P. ZONE FORMATION 459
REFERENCES 461
CHAPTER 84. THE CRITICAL COOLING VELOCITY OF RARE-EARTH MODIFIED A1-Si EUTECTIC ALLOY AND THE COMBINED EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM AND RARE-EARTH ON THE MODIFICATION 462
I. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 462
II. MAIN CONCLUSIONS 467
REFERENCES 467
CHAPTER 85. A STUDY OF SOME THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN LIQUID NICKEL AND ALUMINUM 468
I. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 468
II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 468
III. CONCLUSIONS 470
CHAPTER 86. THE TECHNOLOGY AND INSTALLATION OF HIGH TEMPERATURE CHLORINATION OF BAOTOU HIGH-GRADE RARE EARTH CONCENTRATE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ANHYDROUS RARE EARTH 
473 
I. INTRODUCTION 473
II. EXPERIMENT 474
III. CONCLUSION 477
REFERENCES 478
CHAPTER 87. AN INVESTIGATION ON MELTING POINT AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FLUORIDE-LANTHANA MELT 479
I. INTRODUCTION 479
II. EXPERIMENTAL 479
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 480
REFERENCES 482
CHAPTER 88. THE SOLUBILITY OF SOME RARE-EARTH OXIDES IN CRYOLITE-ALUMINA BASED MELTS 483
I. INTRODUCTION 483
II. EXPERIMENTAL 483
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 484
REFERENCES 486
CHAPTER 89. PREPARATION OF RE-Mg-Si ALLOYS BY SILICO THERMOREDUCTION OF DOLOMITE 488
REFERENCES 492
CHAPTER 90. RARE EARTH FERROSILICON ALLOY 493
CHAPTER 91. THE HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE La-O-F AND Ce-O-F SYSTEMS 497
I. INTRODUCTION 497
II. EXPERIMENTAL 498
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 500
Acknowledgements 506
REFERENCES 506
CHAPTER 92. THE HIGH TEMPERATURE THERMODYNAMICS OF THE La-O-S SYSTEM 507
I INTRODUCTION 507
II. THERMODYNAMIC DATA 507
II. THE La-O-S PHASE STABILITY DIAGRAM 509
III. DISCUSSION 509
REFERENCES 511
CHAPTER 93. EFFECT OF RARE EARTH ON THE QUALITY AND PROPERTIES OF HOT-ROLLED STEEL STRIPS 512
I. PROCEDURES 512
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 513
CHAPTER 94. A STUDY OF RE-Si-Fe and CaSi POWDER INJECTION 518
I. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 518
II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 519
III. CONCLUSIONS 520
CHAPTER 95. CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIOR OF RARE EARTH INCLUSIONS IN STEEL IN THE LADLE 522
CHAPTER 96. ACCUMULATION OF INCLUSIONS AND SEGREGATION IN RE TREATED STEEL 527
I.MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE 527
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 527
REFERENCES 531
CHAPTER 97. RARE EARTHS IN IRON AND STEELMAKING AND GASEOUS DESULPHURISATION 532
I. INTRODUCTION 532
II. PHASE STABILITY DIAGRAMS 532
Acknowledgements 540
REFERENCES 540
CHAPTER 98. INTERACTION BETWEEN YTTRIUM AND OXYGEN, SULPHUR, CARBON IN LIQUID IRON 541
I.EXPERIMENTAL WORKS 541
II. CONCLUSIONS 544
CHAPTER 99. [Ce]-[O]-[S] PRECIPITATION DIAGRAM IN LIQUID IRON AND ITS APPLICATION 546
I. THERMODYNAMICS OF [Ce]-[O]-[S] SPACE 546
II. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN a[S], a[O] IN LIQUID IRON AND CONSTITUTION OF RE INCLUSION 547
III. COMPARISON OF PRECIPITATION DIAGRAM GIVEN BY PRESENT WORK WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA 549
REFERENCES 549
CHAPTER 100. ACTIVITY OF RE2O3 IN LIQUID La2O3C-A12O3-CaF2 AND Ce2O3-CaO-CaF SLAGS 551
I. INTRODUCTION 551
II. EXPERIMENTAL 551
REFERENCES 555
CHAPTER 101. THE INFLUENCE OF CERIUM ON-THE EQUILIBRIUM GRAIN BOUNDARY SEGREGATION OF ANTIMONY AND THE GRAIN BOUNDARY MIGRATION IN PURE IRON 556
I. THE EFFECT OF Ce ON RECRYSTALLIZATION AND GRAIN BOUNDARY MIGRATION IN IRON 556
II. THE INFLUENCE OF Ce ON THE EQUILIBRIUM SEGREGATION OF Sb AT GRAIN BOUNDARY 557
REFERENCES 558
CHAPTER 102. EFFECT OF La ON THE ISOTHERMAL EMBRITTLEMENT OF P-DOPED Ni-Cr STEEL 561
I. INTRODUCTION 561
II. EXPERIMENTAL 561
III. RESULTS 562
IV. DISCUSSION 563
V. CONCLUSIONS 565
REFERENCES 566
CHAPTER 103. THE ROLE OF RARE EARTHS IN LOW SULFUR 16Mn STEELS 567
I. MATERIALS AND METHODS 567
II. RESULTS 568
III. DISCUSSION 570
REFERENCES 572
CHAPTER 104. EFFECT OF REM ON FORMABILITY AND TOUGHNESS OF TOOL STEEL 573
CHAPTER 105. INFLUENCE OF RE ON FATIGUE LIFE OF STEEL 574
I. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 574
II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 575
III. DISCUSSIONS 577
IV. CONCLUSIONS 578
REFERENCES 578
CHAPTER 106. INFLUENCE OF RARE EARTH OXIDES ON THE OXIDATION BEHAVIOUR OF ALUMINIDE COATING ON MILD STEEL 579
CHAPTER 107. EFFECTS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ON SOLIDIFICATION OF STEELS 580
I. INTRODUCTION 580
II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 580
III. CONCLUSION 584
REFERENCES 585
CHAPTER 108. EFFECT OF RARE EARTHS ON THE AGING RESISTANCE OF S2OA STEEL 586
I. EFFECT ON ANISOTROPY 586
II. EFFECT ON IMPACT ENERGY AT LOW TEMPERATURE 587
III. EFFECT ON AGING RESISTANCE 589
CHAPTER 109. THE EFFECT OF THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ON A STEEL USED IN SOUR GAS WELL 591
I. INTRODUCTION 591
II. THE EFFECTS OF RE ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE STEEL 591
III. THE MECHANISM OF THE EFFECT OF RE 592
REFERENCES 594
CHAPTER 110. EFFECT OF RARE EARTHS ON CRACK-RESISTANCE OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL WELD METAL 597
I. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS 597
II. EXPERIMENT METHODS AND RESULTS 598
III. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION 599
REFERENCES 599
CHAPTER 111. THE MECHANISM OF IMPROVEMENT IN THE CREEP-RUPTURE PROPERTIES OF Cr18Ni18Si2 AUSTENITIC STEEL BY RARE EARTH ADDITION 602
I. INTRODUCTION 602
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 602
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 603
IV. CONCLUSIONS 606
REFERENCES 606
CHAPTER 112. A STUDY ON APPLICATION OF RARE EARTH METALS IN HEAT RESISTANT STEELS 607
I. INTRODUCTION 607
II. EFFECT OF RE ADDITIONS ON THE OXIDATION PROPERTIES 607
III. EFFECT OF RE ON THE HIGH TEMPERATURE STRENGTH 609
IV. EFFECT OF RE ON THE HIGH TEMPERATURE DUCTILITY 609
V. CONCLUSIONS 610
REFERENCES 610
CHAPTER 113. THE EFFECT OF RARE EARTHS ON THE OVERHEATING SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE "CLEAN STEEL" WITH LOW S 613
I. INTRODUCTION 613
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 614
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 614
IV. CONCLUSIONS 616
REFERENCES 617
CHAPTER 114. BCIRA WORK ON THE EFFECT OF CERIUM IN CAST IRONS 618
INTRODUCTION 618
NODULAR IRONS 618
INTERFERING ELEMENTS IN NODULAR IRONS 620
HEAVY SECTION NODULAR IRONS 621
COMPACTED GRAPHITE IRONS 622
INOCULATION OF CAST IRON 624
LOSS OF CERIUM FROM CAST IRON 625
CONCLUSION 626
REFERENCES 627
CHAPTER 115. INFLUENCE OF RARE EARTH ADDITION TO ALUMINIUM- SILICON ALLOYS AND ALUMINIUM BRONZES 639
A. ALUMINIUM SILICON ALLOYS 639
B. ALUMINIUM BRONZES 640
REFERENCES 641
CHAPTER 116. BEHAVIOR OF THE CERIUM AND ITS ALLOYS FOR SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE CAST IRON 643
I. INTRODUCTION 643
II. COMPARISON OF THE GRAPHITE SPHERODIZING ABILITY 643
Ill. BEHAVIOR OF OXYGEN ON PRODUCING SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE CAST IRON 644
IV. DISTRIBUTION OF RARE EARTH INCLUSION IN MATRIX OF SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE CAST IRON 646
V. NUCLEOUS OF SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE 646
CHAPTER 117. PRODUCTION OF CV CAST IRON USING HIGH SULPHUR CONTAINED CUPOLA MOLTEN IRON 647
I. INTRODUCTION 647
II. EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE 647
Ill. EXPERIMENT RESULTS 652
REFERENCES 658
CHAPTER 118. A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF RARE EARTH IN SPHEROIDAL AND VERMICULAR GRAPHITE CAST IRONS 659
I. EFFECT OF RE IN SGCI 659
II. EFFECT OF RE IN VGCI 664
III. CONCLUSIONS 664
CHAPTER 119. CONTENT AND MICRODISTRIBUTION OF CERIUM IN VARIOUS PHASES OF CAST IRON 665
REFERENCE 668
CHAPTER 120. ROLE OF YTTRIUM IN HEAVY SECTION SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE CAST IRON 669
I. Mechanical Properties 669
II. Simulating Experiments 671
III. Conclusions 672
CHAPTER 121. SOME RARE EARTH CONTAINING INOCULANTS FOR GRAY CAST IRON 673
REFERENCES 677
CHAPTER 122. THE FEATURE OF RCA INOCULANT AND ITS APPLICATION TO PRODUCE THIN- WALLED AS-CAST FERRITIC NODULAR IRON CASTINGS 678
REFERENCES 681
CHAPTER 123. THE MODIFICATION EFFECT BY MICROADDITION OF MISCH METAL IN A EUTECTIC Al-Si PISTON ALLOY 682
I. Structural Characteristics of the Alloy Modified by Microaddition of Rare Earths 682
II. Stereoscopic Morphology of the Iutectic Silicon Phase 683
III. Mechanical Properties of the Alloy Modified by Micro-Addition of RE 683
IV. The Effective Life of RE Modifier, and the Incubation Period of the RE Modified Alloy 685
REFERENCES 687
CHAPTER 124. APPLICATION OF CERIUM IN A CAST TITANIUM ALLOY 688
CHAPTER 125. AN INVESTIGATION ON CREEP PROPERTIES AT 300°C OF Mg-Y-Zn-Zr CAST ALLOYS 694
CHAPTER 126. EFFECT OF MISCH METAL ON SOLIDIFIED STRUCTURE AND BRIGHTNESS OF Al-Mg ALLOY 698
I. INTRODUCTION 698
II. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 698
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 699
REFERENCES 701
CHAPTER 127. THE VERMICULIZING EFFECTS OF INDIVIDUAL RARE EARTH ELEMENTS La, Ce, Pr AND Nd ON GRAPHITE IN CAST IRON 702
CHAPTER 128. A STUDY ON PRODUCING HEAVY-SECTION VERMICULAR GRAPHITE IRON (VGI) CASTINGS WITH RARE-EARTHS 709
CHAPTER 129. MASS PRODUCTION OF COMPACTED/VERMICULAR GRAPHITE(C/V) CAST IRON EXHAUST MANIFOLD BY USING RARE EARTH (RE) CONTAINING ALLOY 713
I. INTRODUCTION 713
II. REQUIREMENTS OF TREATMENT ALLOY 714
III. LABORATORY STUDIES ON ALLOY 714
IV. MASS PRODUCTION PROCESS 715
V. PRODUCTION CONDITION 715
VI. BASE IRON COMPOSITION 715
VII. LADLE TREATMENT 715
VIII. QUALITY CONTROL 716
IX. CONCLUSIONS 717
CHAPTER 130.THE METALLURGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF RARE EARTH CONTAINING NODULIZER IN MOLTEN IRON 718
CHAPTER 131. AN INVESTIGATION ON PRODUCING SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE CAST IRON BY THE METHOD OF INJECTING RARE EARTH FREE-SILICON ALLOY PARTICLES 723
REFERENCES 726
CHAPTER 132. APPLICATION OF RARE EARTHS IN CAST ALLOYS IN CHINA 728
I. APPLICATION OF RE IN CAST IRONS 728
II. APPLICATION OF RE IN NON-FERROUS CAST ALLOYS 731
III. APPLICATION OF RE IN CAST STEEL 734
IV. PROSPECTS 736
CHAPTER 133. AN INVESTIGATION ON THE REDUCTION OF CRACK INCrMoV STEEL CASTINGS BY ADDING RE METALS 744
I. INTRODUCTION 744
II. PROCEDURE 745
III. RESULTS 745
IV. CONCLUSION 747
CHAPTER 134. The Effect of Rare Earths on Nucleation in Cast Iron 751
CHAPTER 135. A STUDY ON CRYSTALLIZATION PROPERTY OF OPTICAL GLASSES IN RO-ZrO2 -La2O3-SiO2-B2O3 SYSTEM 752
CHAPTER 136. APPLICATION OF RARE EARTHS IN GLASSES FOR LASERS AND LUMINESCENT SOLAR CONCENTRATORS 755
I. ABSTRACT 755
II. INTRODUCTION 755
III. THEORETICAL APPROACH 756
Acknowledgements 761
REFERENCES 762
CHAPTER 137. RARE EARTH SULFIDE AND OXYSULFIDE GLASSES 763
I - Introduction 763
II - Rare earth sulfide glasses in the R2S3-Ga2S3 systems 763
Ill - Rare earth oxide-sulfide glasses 764
Bibliography 766
CHAPTER 138. STUDY OF RARE EARTH AS SUSPENDING AGENT IN ENAMEL SLIP 767
I. THE SUSPENDING & RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF RARE EARTH SLIP
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 768
III. CONCLUSION 771
REFERENCES 771
CHAPTER 139. APPLICATION OF LANTHANUM IN FIBER OPTICAL GLASS WITH HIGH REFRACTION AND EXTENDED ULTRAVIOLET TRANSMISSION 772
I. EXPERIMENTAL 772
II. RESULT 773
III. DISCUSSION 773
IV. CONCLUSION 775
REFERENCES 775
CHAPTER 140. APPLICATION OF SCANDIUM OXIDE IN AN ELECTRON EMISSION MATERIAL 779
I. PREPARATION OF THE EMISSION MATERIAL 779
II. PROPERTIES OF CATHODE 781
III. APPLICATION AND DISCUSSION 782
REFERENCES 783
CHAPTER 141. THE COLORING EFFECT OF PRASEODYMIUM CARBONATE COMBINED WITH TRANSITION METAL IONS IN Na2O-CaO-SiO2 GLASS SYSTEM 784
CHAPTER 142. FORMATION AND STRUCTURE OF LANTHANUM-CONTAINING FLUOROZIRCONATE GLASSES 786
CHAPTER 143. SPECTRAL ABSORPTION OF RARE EARTH IONS IN SILICA GLASSES 789
I. EXPERIMENTS 789
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 790
REFERENCES 791
CHAPTER 144. STRUCTURAL ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF VIOLET CHAMELEONIC GLAZE CONTAINING NEODYMIA 795
I. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 795
II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 796
III. DISCUSSION 797
IV. CONCLUSION 801
REFERENCES 802
CHAPTER 145. THE APPLICATION OF RARE EARTH COMPOUND IN THE DECOLORING AND COLORING OF GLÁSS 803
I. EXPERIMENTAL 803
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 805
III. CONCLUSIONS 805
CHAPTER 146. STUDIES ON THE APPLICATION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS TO FRUIT TREES AND WATERMELON PLANTS 807
CHAPTER 147. STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF REAR EARTH ELEMENTS ON THE YIELD OF WHEAT 808
CHAPTER 148. STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF RARE EARTHS TO RUBBER TREES 813
CHAPTER 149. SOLUBLE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN SOILS 814
CHAPTER 150. THE EFFECT OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ON NODULA- TION AND NITROGEN FIXATION OF SOYBEAN PLANTS 818
REFERENCES 820
CHAPTER 151. THE RESULTS OF APPLYING RARE EARTH ELEMENTS TO RICE AND OTHER CROPS 821
CHAPTER 152. PRESENT AND FUTURE SITUATION OF RARE EARTH RESEARCH IN CHINESE AGRONOMY 825
REFERENCES 829
CHAPTER 153. EFFECTS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PHOTOFIXATION OF NITROGEN IN ANABAENA AZOTICA 830
CHAPTER 154. THE INVESTIGATION OF MUTAGENICITY AND TERATOGENICITY FROM RARE EARTH COMPOUNDS 833
I. MATERIALS AND METHODS 833
II. RESULTS 834
CHAPTER 155. SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS OF DIARYL (ALKYL) PHOSPHINEOXIDES OF SOME LANTHANONS 838