Passivity of Metals and Semiconductors (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Passivity of Metals and Semiconductors 4
Copyright Page 5
Tabble of Contents 12
Dedication 6
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 8
SPONSORSHIPS 9
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE 9
FOREWORD 10
SECTION I: CONCEPTS - COMPOSITION- TRANSPORT PHENOMENA 20
CHAPTER 1. 
20 
ABSTRACT 20
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 27
REFERENCES 27
CHAPTER 2. AN OVERVIEW OF THE KINETICS OF OXIDATION OF SILICON: THE VERY THIN SIO2 FILM GROWTH REGIME 30
INTRODUCTION 30
THE LITERATURE 33
SUMMARY 40
References 41
CHAPTER 3. 
42 
ABSTRACT 42
INTRODUCTION 42
PRINCIPLES OF ET-THEORY 43
THIN FILMS 44
THICK FILMS 47
ET VIA SURFACE STATES 49
CONCLUSION 51
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 51
REFERENCES 51
CHAPTER 4. 
54 
ABSTRACT 54
INTRODUCTION 54
PREPARATION 54
REPASSIVATION 55
CAPACITY 55
ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS (ETR) 57
DISCUSSION 58
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 60
REFERENCES 60
CHAPTER 5. 
62 
ABSTRACT 62
I. INTRODUCTION 62
II. THEORY 64
III. DISCUSSION 67
Acknowledgement 69
REFERENCES 69
CHAPTER 6. 
70 
INTRODUCTION 70
EXPERIMENTAL 70
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 70
EFFECTS OF IONS ON THE PASSIVE STATE 73
LOW FREQUENCY DOMAIN 73
CONCLUSION 75
REFERENCES 76
CHAPTER 7. 
78 
ABSTRACT 78
INTRODUCTION 78
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 78
CONCLUSIONS 83
REFERENCES 84
CHAPTER 8. 
86 
ABSTRACT 86
INTRODUCTION 86
METHODS 86
RESULTS 87
DISCUSSION 88
REFERENCES 91
CHAPTER 9. 
92 
ABSTRACT 92
INTRODUCTION 92
EXPERIMENTAL 93
RESULTS 93
DISCUSSION 96
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 96
REFERENCES 96
CHAPTER 10. OPTICAL AND IMPEDANCE STUDIES OF NICKEL PASSIVATION FILM IN NEUTRAL SOLUTION 98
ABSTRACT 98
INTRODUCTION 98
EXPERIMENTAL 98
RESULT 100
DISCUSSION 100
REFERENCES 101
CHAPTER 11. 
104 
ABSTRACT 104
EXPERIMENTAL 104
RESULTS 105
CONCLUSION 107
REFERENCES 107
CHAPTER 12. ELECTROCHEMICAL AND ELLIPSOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF PASSIVE FILMS FORMED ON IRON IN BORATE SOLUTION 108
ABSTRACT 108
INTRODUCTION 108
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 109
RESULTS and DISCUSSION 110
REFERENCES 113
CHAPTER 13. 
114 
ABSTRACT 114
INTRODUCTION 114
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 115
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 119
REFERENCES 119
CHAPTER 14. 
120 
ABSTRACT 120
EXPERIMENTAL 120
RESULTS 121
DISCUSSION 122
REFERENCES 123
CHAPTER 15. RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF OXIDE LAYERS ON PURE IRON IN ELECTROCHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT 126
ABSTRACT 126
INTRODUCTION 126
EXPERIMENT 126
DISCUSSION 130
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 131
REFERENCES 131
CHAPTER 16. APPLICATION OF ANGLE RESOLVED XPS AND AES DEPTH PROFILING TO THE STUDY OF TRANSPASSIVE FILMS ON NICKEL 132
ABSTRACT 132
INTRODUCTION 132
EXPERIMENTAL 133
RESULTS 134
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 137
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 137
REFERENCES 137
CHAPTER 17. PASSIVATION OF NICKEL - IRON ALLOYS. INFLUENCE OF SULPHUR 138
ABSTRACT 138
INTRODUCTION 138
INITIAL SURFACE COMPOSITION OF THE Ni/Fe ALLOYS 138
DISSOLUTION AND PASSIVATION 139
INFLUENCE OF SULPHUR 140
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 142
REFERENCES 143
CHAPTER 18. ANODIC OXIDATION OF UO2-PART III. ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES IN CARBONATE SOLUTIONS 144
ABSTRACT 144
INTRODUCTION 144
EXPERIMENTAL 145
RESULTS 145
DISCUSSION 148
REFERENCES 149
CHAPTER 19. 
150 
ABSTRACT 150
INTRODUCTION 150
DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODS 150
CAPABILITY AND LIMITATION OF EXAFS IN PASSIVATING FILM STUDIES 155
REFERENCES 156
CHAPTER 20. EX-SITU AND IN-SITU SAMPLE-AND-DETECTOR CHAMBERS FOR THE STUDY OF PASSIVE FILMS USING SURFACE EXAFS 158
ABSTRACT 158
INTRODUCTION 158
THE EXAFS EXPERIMENT 158
EX SITU X-RAY ABSORPTION DETECTOR 159
IN SITU X-RAY ABSORPTION CELL 160
REFERENCES 162
CHAPTER 21. 
164 
SECTION II: TECHNIQUES 166
CHAPTER 22. 
166 
ABSTRACT 166
INTRODUCTION 167
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FOR IN-SITU MES AND EXAFS 168
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 173
SUMMARY 179
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 180
REFERENCES 180
CHAPTER 23. 
182 
ABSTRACT 182
INTRODUCTION 182
EXPERIMENT 183
RESULTS 184
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY 186
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 187
REFERENCES 187
CHAPTER 24. STRUCTURE SIMULATION OF SURFACE FILMS ON IRON AND IRON BASED ALLOY BY RADIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION (R.D.F.) METHOD 188
ABSTRACT 188
INTRODUCTION 188
EXPERIMENTAL 189
DATA REDUCTION 190
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 191
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 193
REFERENCES 193
CHAPTER 25. 
194 
ABSTRACT 194
INTRODUCTION 194
ELECTROCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS 194
SURFACE ANALYSIS 195
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 197
CONCLUSIONS 199
REFERENCES 199
CHAPTER 26. STUDY OF PASSIVE LAYERS ON STAINLESS STEELS USING LOW ENERGY ELECTRON INDUCED X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY (LEEIXS) 200
ABSTRACT 200
INTRODUCTION 200
METHODS 200
RESULTS 201
CONCLUSION 205
REFERENCES 205
CHAPTER 27. 
206 
ABSTRACT 206
INTRODUCTION 206
ELLIPSOMETRY 207
REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY 210
RAMAN AND INFRA-RED 212
PHOTO-VOLTAIC AND RELATED TECHNIQUES 215
SUMMARY 216
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 217
REFERENCES 217
CHAPTER 28. REFLECTOMETRY OF IRON PASSIVATION FILMS IN NEUTRAL BORATE AND ACIDIC PHOSPHATE SOLUTIONS 218
ABSTRACT 218
INTRODUCTION 218
EXPERIMENTAL 218
RESULT 219
DISCUSSION 220
REFERENCES 220
CHAPTER 29. COMBINED ELLIPSOMETRIC AND AC IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS OF OXIDE FILMS ON RUTHENIUM 224
ABSTRACT 224
INTRODUCTION 224
EXPERIMENTAL 225
DISCUSSION 225
REFERENCES 229
CHAPTER 30. 
230 
ABSTRACT 230
INTRODUCTION 230
EXPERIMENTAL 230
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 231
CONCLUSION 235
REFERENCES 235
CHAPTER 31. A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF LOCALIZED CORROSION 236
ABSTRACT 236
1. INTRODUCTION 236
2. EXPERIMENTAL 239
3. RESULTS 239
4. DISCUSSION 243
5. CONCLUSION 246
REFERENCES 246
CHAPTER 32. ELECTROCHEMICAL NOISE MEASUREMENTS FOR THE STUDY OF LOCALIZED CORROSION AND PASSIVITY BREAKDOWN 248
ABSTRACT 248
INTRODUCTION 248
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 249
RESULTS 249
DISCUSSION 253
REFERENCES 253
SECTION III: AMORPHOUS METALS - BREAKDOWN AND REPASSIVATION 254
CHAPTER 33. 
254 
ABSTRACT 254
INTRODUCTION 254
CORROSION RESISTANCE 254
PASSIVITY 256
PASSIVATION RATE 257
CHEMICAL HOMOGENEITY 259
LOCALIZED CORROSION RESISTANCE 261
REFERENCES 264
CHAPTER 34. 
266 
UNUNIFORMITY OF PASSIVE FILM 266
ROLE OF MOLYBDENUM 267
ROLE OF METALLOIDS IN ALLOYS 268
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 271
REFERENCES 271
CHAPTER 35. DEPASSIVATION AND REPASSIVATION IN LOCALIZED CORROSION 272
ABSTRACT 272
INTRODUCTION 272
PITTING CORROSION 273
REPASSIVATION 279
REPASSIVATION AND PITTING CORROSION AND STRESS CORROSION CRACKING 282
CONCLUSION 284
REFERENCES 285
CHAPTER 36. DISSOLUTION AND PASSIVATION KINETICS OF Fe-Cr-Ni ALLOYS DURING LOCALIZED CORROSION 288
ABSTRACT 288
INTRODUCTION 288
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 288
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 289
CONCLUSIONS 293
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 293
REFERENCES 293
CHAPTER 37. 
294 
ABSTRACT 294
INTRODUCTION 294
EXPERIMENTAL 295
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 295
REFERENCES 299
CHAPTER 38. A KINETIC THEORY OF PIT INITIATION AND REPASSIVATION AND ITS RELEVANCE TO THE PITTING CORROSION OF PASSIVE METALS 300
ABSTRACT 300
INTRODUCTION 300
REFERENCES 305
CHAPTER 39. A COMPARISON OF MODELS FOR LOCALIZED BREAKDOWN OF PASSIVITY 306
ABSTRACT 306
INTRODUCTION 306
MODELLING 306
PITTING THEORY CPvITERIA 307
RESULTS 308
CONCLUSIONS 310
REFERENCES 311
CHAPTER 40. 
312 
ABSTRACT 312
INTRODUCTION 312
EXPERIMENTAL 313
RESULTS 313
CONCLUSION 317
REFERENCES 317
CHAPTER 41. PITTING OF ZIRCALOY 4 : STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF INDUCTION TIMES 318
ABSTRACT 318
INTRODUCTION 318
EXPERIMENTAL 318
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 320
CONCLUSION 322
REFERENCES 323
CHAPTER 42. 
324 
ABSTRACT 324
INTRODUCTION 324
EXPERIMENTAL 324
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 326
CONCLUSIONS 328
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 329
REFERENCE 329
CHAPTER 43. ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PASSIVATION OF AMORPHOUS Fe80P20 ALLOY 330
ABSTRACT 330
INTRODUCTION 330
EXPERIMENTAL 330
RESULTS 331
CONCLUSION 335
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 335
REFERENCES 335
CHAPTER 44. EFFECT OF CHROMIUM ON THE PASSIVATION OF AMORPHOUS ALLOY Fe-Ni-B-P-xCr. EFFECT OF A HEAT TREATMENT 336
ABSTRACT 336
INTRODUCTION 336
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 336
RESULTS 337
CONCLUSION 339
REFERENCES 339
CHAPTER 45. THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS ON THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF AMORPHOUS COPPERZIRCONIUM ALLOYS 340
ABSTRACT 340
INTRODUCTION 340
EXPERIMENTAL 341
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 342
CONCLUSIONS 345
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 345
REFERENCES 345
CHAPTER 46. 
346 
ABSTRACT 346
INTRODUCTION 346
EXPERIMENTS 346
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 347
CONCLUSION 352
REFERENCES 353
CHAPTER 47. 
354 
ABSTRACT 354
I. INTRODUCTION 354
II. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 354
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 355
IV. CONCLUSION 358
REFERENCES 358
CHAPTER 48. THE PASSIVATION-DEPASSIVATION BEHAVIOUR OF GOLD IN A HCl-GLYCEROL SOLUTION AND ITS APPLICATION TO ELECTROPOLISHING 360
REFERENCES 365
CHAPTER 49. 
366 
ABSTRACT 366
INTRODUCTION 366
METHOD 366
DISCUSSION 368
CONCLUSIONS 369
REFERENCES 369
APPENDIX 369
CHAPTER 50. INITIATION AND INHIBITION OF PITTING CORROSION ON NICKEL 372
ABSTRACT 372
INTRODUCTION 372
EXPERIMENTAL 372
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 373
REFERENCES 377
CHAPTER 51. INITIAL STAGES OF FILM BREAKDOWN ON PASSIVE AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL IN 3% SODIUM CHLORIDE 378
ABSTRACT 378
INTRODUCTION 378
EXPERIMENTAL 379
RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION 379
DISCUSSION 382
CONCLUSIONS 384
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 384
REFERENCES 384
CHAPTER 52. 
386 
ABSTRACT 386
INTRODUCTION 386
EXPERIMENTAL 386
DISCUSSION 391
REFERENCES 391
CHAPTER 53. STUDY OF THE PASSIVE BEHAVIOUR OF A 304L STAINLESS STEEL IN IN H2SO4 BY A METHOD OF CORROSION UNDER FRICTION 392
ABSTRACT 392
INTRODUCTION 392
EXPERIMENTAL 392
RESULTS 394
REFERENCE 397
CHAPTER 54. 
398 
ABSTRACT 398
INTRODUCTION 398
ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES 399
SURFACE ANALYTICAL STUDIES 400
MECHANISMS OF PASSIVITY BREAKDOWN 403
CONCLUSION 404
REFERENCES 404
CHAPTER 55. ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF MILD STEEL IN SULPHIDE AND CHLORIDE CONTAINING SOLUTIONS 406
ABSTRACT 406
INTRODUCTION 406
EXPERIMENTAL 406
RESULTS 407
DISCUSSION 410
REFERENCES 411
CHAPTER 56. THE ROLE OF MOLYBDENUM IN THE INHIBITION OF PASSIVITY BREAKDOWN IN NEUTRAL CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS UP TO 250°C 412
ABSTRACT 412
INTRODUCTION 412
EXPERIMENTAL 412
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 413
REFERENCES 417
CHAPTER 57. ON THE INFLUENCE OF BOTH PASSIVE FILM COMPOSITION AND OF NON-METALLIC INCLUSIONS ON THE INITIATION OF LOCALIZED CORROSION OF STAINLESS STEEL 418
ABSTRACT 418
INTRODUCTION 418
METHODS 419
RESULTS 419
DISCUSSION 422
REFERENCES 423
CHAPTER 58. THE EFFECTS OF ALLOYING ON THE RESISTANCE OF FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS TO LOCALIZED CORROSION IN Cl - SOLUTIONS 424
ABSTRACT 424
INTRODUCTION 424
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 424
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 425
CONCLUSIONS 429
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 430
REFERENCES 430
CHAPTER 59. EFFECT OF Al ON THE ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF TERNARY BRASSES 432
ABSTRACT 432
INTRODUCTION 432
EXPERIMENTAL 433
DISCUSSION 434
REFERENCES 434
CHAPTER 60. ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION AMORPHOUS METALS - BREAKDOWN AND REPASSIVATION 438
AMORPHOUS METALS 438
PASSIVITY BREAKDOWN AND STABILIZATION OF THE LOCALIZED CORROSION 438
FINAL COMMENT FROM N. SATO, DISCUSSION LEADER 441
SECTION IV: SEMICONDUCTORS - PHOTOELECTROCHEMISTRY 444
CHAPTER 61. 
444 
ABSTRACT 444
INTRODUCTION 444
CORROSION BY HOLES 445
LOCALIZED ENERGY LEVELS 447
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 448
THERMODYNAMIC MODEL OF CORROSION 448
KINETIC MODEL FOR CORROSION PREVENTION BY STABILIZING AGENTS 450
OTHER OBSERVATIONS OF PHOTOINDUCED CORROSION OF SEMICONDUCTORS 452
OTHER TECHNIQUES FOR STABILIZATION 454
CONCLUSIONS 455
REFERENCES 455
CHAPTER 62. 
456 
ABSTRACT 456
INTRODUCTION 456
THE PLASMA OXIDATION PROCESS 457
PLASMA OXIDATION OF SILICON 458
OXIDATION OF COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS 459
THIN METAL OXIDE FILMS 461
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 462
REFERENCES 462
CHAPTER 63. 
464 
ABSTRACT 464
INTRODUCTION 464
EXPERIMENTAL 464
RESULTS and DISCUSSION 465
CONCLUSIONS 467
REFERENCES 469
CHAPTER 64. COMPARATIVE STUDY BY XPS AND LEED OF NITRIDATION PROCESSES ON SILICON 470
ABSTRACT 470
INTRODUCTION 470
EXPERIMENTAL 471
RESULTS 471
DISCUSSION 473
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 475
REFERENCES 475
CHAPTER 65. STRUCTURE AND GROWTH KINETICS OF SiO2 ULTRA THIN FILM ON Si(111) SURFACE 476
ABSTRACT 476
INTRODUCTION 476
INTRODUCTION 476
EXPERIMENTAL 477
THE SiO2-Si INTERFACE STRUCTURE 477
OXIDATION KINETICS 479
ENHANCED REACTIVITY OF Si ATOMS UPON OXYGEN EXPOSURE 480
CONCLUSION 481
REFERENCES 481
CHAPTER 66. OXYGEN TRANSPORT STUDIED BY 18O LABELLING IN THIN THERMAL SILICON OXIDE FILMS IN CONNECTION WITH THEIR STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS 482
ABSTRACT 482
INTRODUCTION 482
OXYGEN TRANSPORT MECHANISMS 483
STRUCTURAL STUDIES 486
REFERENCES 490
CHAPTER 67. 
492 
ABSTRACT 492
REFERENCES 495
CHAPTER 68. PROPERTIES OF THE PASSIVE FILM ON IRON ELECTRODES BY CAPACITY AND PHOTOCURRENT MEASUREMENTS 496
ABSTRACT 496
INTRODUCTION 496
EXPERIMENTAL 497
CAPACITY BEHAVIOUR 497
PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 500
CONCLUSIONS 501
REFERENCES 501
CHAPTER 69. COUPLED ELLIPSOMETRIC AND CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENTS DURING GROWTH OF ANODIC OXIDE ONTO GaAs 502
ABSTRACT 502
INTRODUCTION 502
EXPERIMENTAL 503
RESULTS 504
DISCUSSION 507
CONCLUSION 508
REFERENCES 509
CHAPTER 70. STUDY BY SPECTROPHOTOELECTROCHEMISTRY (SPEC) OF THE PASSIVITY OF IRON IN NEUTRAL SOLUTIONS 510
ABSTRACT 510
EXPERIMENTAL 511
CONCLUSION 513
REFERENCES 513
CHAPTER 71. INFLUENCE OF THE ANODIZATION CONDITIONS ON THE ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES OF THE CORROSION LAYERS ON TUNGSTEN. A PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL APPROACH 516
ABSTRACT 516
INTRODUCTION 516
EXPERIMENTAL 516
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 517
CONCLUSIONS 521
REFERENCES 521
CHAPTER 72. INFLUENCE OF ION IMPLANTATION ON THE ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF PASSIVE TITANIUM AND HAFNIUM ELECTRODES 522
ABSTRACT 522
INTRODUCTION 522
EXPERIMENTAL 522
RESULTS 523
DISCUSSION 525
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 527
REFERENCES 527
CHAPTER 73. 
528 
ABSTRACT 528
INTRODUCTION 528
THEORETICAL ASPECTS 529
INSTRUMENTATION 533
SOME EXAMPLES 534
CONCLUSIONS 538
REFERENCES 538
CHAPTER 74. PASSIVATION AND SELECTIVE ETCHING OF III -V N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS UNDER POTENTIAL AND PH CONTROL IN Hfo 540
ABSTRACT 540
INTRODUCTION 540
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 540
DISCUSSION 541
REFERENCES 544
CHAPTER 75. ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION SEMI-CONDUCTORS - PHOTOELECTROCHEMISTRY 546
ELECTROCHEMICAL STABILITY OF SEMI-CONDUCTORS 546
SECTION V: STAINLESS STEELS - VALVE METALS 550
CHAPTER 76. 
550 
ABSTRACT 550
1. INTRODUCTION 550
2. PASSIVITY OF STAINLESS STEELS 550
3. BREAKDOWN OF THE PASSIVE STATE AND LOCALIZED CORROSION 553
4. EFFECT OF SOME NON METALLIC PHASES ON THE RESISTANCE TO PITTINGCORROSION 558
5. CONCLUSIONS 559
REFERENCES 560
CHAPTER 77. EFFECT OF CHEMICAL HETEROGENEITY WITHIN THE METAL PHASE ON THE STABILITY OF THE PASSIVATING FILM ON IRON ALLOYS 566
ABSTRACT 566
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 566
EPPECT OF CARBIDES AND NITRIDES 567
EFFECT OF SULFIDES AND OXIDES 568
CONCLUSIONS 571
REFERENCES 572
CHAPTER 78. THE ROLE OF WATER IN THE KINETICS OF STAINLESS STEEL DISSOLUTION AND PASSIVATION IN ORGANIC MEDIA 574
ABSTRACT 574
INTRODUCTION 574
EXPERIMENTAL 574
RESULTS 575
DISCUSSION 577
SUMMARY 579
REFERENCES 579
CHAPTER 79. QUANTITATIVE ESCA ANALYSIS OF THE PASSIVE STATE OF AN Fe - Cr ALLOY AND AN Fe - Cr-Mo ALLOY 580
ABSTRACT 580
INTRODUCTION 580
EXPERIMENTAL 581
RESULTS 581
DISCUSSION 587
CONCLUSION 589
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 589
REFERENCES 589
CHAPTER 80. MECHANISMS CONTROLLING PASSIVE FILM COMPOSITION OF Fe-Cr-Ni STEELS IN ELEVATED TEMPERATURE SOLUTIONS 590
ABSTRACT 590
INTRODUCTION 590
EXPERIMENTAL 591
RESULTS and DISCUSSION 592
CONCLUSIONS 595
REFERENCES 596
CHAPTER 81. CHARACTERIZATIONS OF PASSIVE FILMS FORMED ON STAINLESS STEEL IN HIGH TEMPERATURE WATER 598
ABSTRACT 598
INTRODUCTION 598
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 599
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 603
REFERENCES 603
CHAPTER 82. STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF THE ANODICALLY FORMED FILMS ON 304 STAINLESS STEEL IN SULFURIC ACID 604
ABSTRACT 604
INTRODUCTION 604
EXPERIMENTAL 605
RESULTS 605
DISCUSSION 608
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 609
REFERENCES 609
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 609
CHAPTER 83. PASSIVITY AND BREAKDOWN OF PASSIVITY OF DIRECTED ENERGY SOURCES MODIFIED STAINLESS STEEL 610
ABSTRACT 610
INTRODUCTION 610
MATERIALS AND METHODS 611
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 612
CONCLUSIONS 616
REFERENCES 617
CHAPTER 84. ON THE MECHANISM FOR IMPROVED PASSIVATION BY ADDITIONS OF TUNGSTEN TO AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS 618
INTRODUCTION 618
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 619
CONCLUSIONS 622
REFERENCES 623
CHAPTER 85. PASSIVATION OF STEEL IN A BORATE BUFFER CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AS A MEANS FOR IMPROVING CORROSION RESISTANCE 626
ABSTRACT 626
INTRODUCTION 626
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 626
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 628
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 631
REFERENCES 631
CHAPTER 86. CRITICAL CONDITIONS IN THE PASSIVATION OF Cu-Mo AUSTENITC STAINLESS ALLOYS IN HOT 20 % H2SO4 ACID 632
ABSTRACT 632
INTRODUCTION 632
RESULTS 633
CONCLUSION 637
REFERENCES 637
CHAPTER 87. A STUDY OF THE FILM ON AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL AT THE PASSIVE-TRANSPASSIVE TRANSITION 638
ABSTRACT 638
INTRODUCTION 638
MATERIALS 639
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 639
CONCLUSIONS 642
REFERENCES 643
CHAPTER 88. ETUDE DU MECANISME DE PASSIVITE D'ACIERS 17-13 A TENEUR VARIABLE EN MOLYBDENE DANS DES SOLUTIONS D'ACIDE PHOSPHORIQUE A 30% EN P2O5 644
RESUME 644
INTRODUCTION 644
CONCLUSION 649
BIBLIOGRAPHIE 649
CHAPTER 89. CORROSION POTENTIAL OSCILLATIONS OF STAINLESS STEELS IN AQUEOUS CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS 650
ABSTRACT 650
INTRODUCTION 650
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEEDURE 650
RESULTS 651
DISCUSSION 654
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 655
REFERENCES 655
CHAPTER 90. 
656 
ABSTRACT 656
INTRODUCTION 656
EXPERIMENTAL 656
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 657
CONCLUSION 661
REFERENCES 661
CHAPTER 91. 
662 
ABSTRACT 662
REFERENCES 667
CHAPTER 92. ANODIC BEHAVIOUR OF Fe-31% Ni ALLOY IN THE MULTI STEADY STATES REGION CORRESPONDING TO THE TRANSITION BETWEEN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE STATES, IN NORMAL SULPHURIC ACID 668
ABSTRACT 668
INTRODUCTION 668
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 669
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 670
CONCLUSION 673
REFERENCES 673
CHAPTER 93. 
674 
ABSTRACT 674
INTRODUCTION 674
EXPERIMENTAL 674
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 675
REFERENCES 679
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 679
CHAPTER 94. 
680 
ABSTRACT 680
INTRODUCTION 680
DISCUSSION 683
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 684
REFERENCES 685
CHAPTER 95. DEPASSIVATION AND REPASSIVATION OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS CONSEQUENCES ON STRESS CORROSION 686
ABSTRACT 686
I. INTRODUCTION 686
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 686
III. INFLUENCE OF STRAIN RATE 688
IV. INFLUENCE OF SOLUTION TEMPERATURE 689
V. CONSEQUENCES ON STRESS CORROSION CRACKING 690
CONCLUSION 692
BIBLIOGRAPHY 692
CHAPTER 96. HYDROGEN PERMEATION THROUGH PASSIVE LAYERS ON AUSTENITIC HIGH TEMPERATURE ALLOYS 694
ABSTRACT 694
INTRODUCTION 694
TASK DEFINITION 694
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 695
RESULTS 696
CONCLUSIONS 699
REFERENCES 699
CHAPTER 97. 
700 
ABSTRAT 700
INTRODUCTION 700
EXPERIMENTAL 701
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 701
CONCLUSION 703
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 703
REFERENCES 703
CHAPTER 98. THE EFFECT OF CHROMIUM, NICKEL AND MOLYBDENUM ON PASSIVITY OF IRON ALLOYS IN ORGANIC SOLUTIONS OF SULPHURIC ACID 706
ABSTRACT 706
INTRODUCTION 706
EXPERIMENTAL 707
ANODIC DISSOLUTION OF IRON, CHROMIUM, NICKEL AND MOLYBDENUM IN SOLUTIONS OF H2SO4-DMF AND H2SO4-CH3OH 707
THE PASSIVITY OF Fe-Cr, Fe-Ni AND Fe-Mo ALLOYS IN SOLUTIONS OF H2SO4-DnF AND H2SO4-CH3OH 710
REFERENCES 712
CHAPTER 99. ELECTROCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS ON LOW-INDEX. PLANES OF A Fe-14.5Cr-14.5Ni-2.5Mo SINGLE CRYSTAL 714
ABSTRACT 714
INTRODUCTION 714
EXPERIMENTAL 715
RESULTS 715
DISCUSSION 717
CONCLUSIONS 719
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 719
REFERENCES 719
CHAPTER 100. 
720 
RESUME 720
INTRODUCTION 720
CONDITIONS EXPERIMENTALES 721
RESULTATS 721
CONCLUSIONS 724
REMERCIEMENTS 725
REFERENCES 725
CHAPTER 101. 
726 
ABSTRACT 726
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 730
REFERENCES 731
CHAPTER 102. PASSIVATION OF TIN USING CHROMATES, MOLYBDATES AND TUNGSTATES 732
ABSTRACT 732
INTRODUCTION 732
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 732
DISCUSSION 737
REFERENCES 737
CHAPTER 103. GALVANOSTATIC FORMATION AND REDUCTION OF TIN/TIN OXIDES IN Na2SO4 SOLUTIONS 738
ABSTRACT 738
INTRODUCTION 738
EXPERIMENTAL 739
GENERAL ANALYSIS OF THE GALVANOSTATIC CURVES 740
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 741
Acknowledgements 743
REFERENCES 743
CHAPTER 104. COMPORTEMENT POTENTIODYNAMIQUE D'UNE ELECTRODE D'IRIDIUM ACTIVEE DANS L'ACRYLA-MIDE ET H2SO4 744
RESUME 744
INTRODUCTION 744
PARTIE EXPERIMENTALE 745
RESULTATS ET DISCUSSION 745
CONCLUSION 748
BIBLIOGRAPHIE 748
CHAPTER 105. 
750 
ABSTRACT 750
INTRODUCTION 750
MODEL FOR OXIDE FILM THICKENING 751
THE EFFECT OF POTENTIAL AND pH 756
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 758
REFERENCES 758
CHAPTER 106. CRYSTALLINE ALUMINUM OXIDE FILMS 760
ABSTRACT 760
INTRODUCTION 760
METHODS 760
RESULTS 761
DISCUSSION 764
REFERENCES 765
CHAPTER 107. 
766 
ABSTRACT 766
INTRODUCTION 766
EXPERIMENT 766
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 767
CONCLUSIONS 771
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 771
REFERENCES 771
CHAPTER 108. ETCHING AND PASSIVATION OF ALUMINUM UNDER ALTERNATING CURRENT. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE 772
ABSTRACT 772
INTRODUCTION 772
EXPERIMENTAL 772
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 773
REFERENCES 777
CHAPTER 109. 
778 
SUBJECT INDEX 782