Fresh Water from the Sea (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Fresh Water from the Sea 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
FOREWORD 8
SYMPOSIUM PROGRAM 10
Opening addressee 10
Lectures 10
SPONSORING COMMITTEE 12
OPENING SPEECH 14
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 12
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ON THE SYMPOSIUM 18
PROCEEDINGS 26
CHAPTER 1. SOME ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF ION EXCHANGE FOR THE CONVERSION OF SALINE WATER INTO FRESH WATER 28
Introduction 29
Saline Water Conversion Methods and their Applications 29
Brief Historical Review 31
Ion Exchange in Practice 33
Conclusions 37
References 37
CHAPTER 2. PRESENT STATE OF INFORMATION ON SEA AND BRACKISH WATER DESALTING IN JAPAN 38
Literature 60
CHAPTER 3. NEUE ENTWICKLUNGEN AUF DEM GEBIET DER GEWINNUNG VON SUESSWASSER AUS MEERWASSER IN DEUTSCHLAND 62
CHAPTER 4. BRITISH ACTIVITIES IN DESALINATION DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH 78
1. Introduction 79
2. Submerged Tube Pool Boiling Distillation 81
3. Multiple Stage Flash Distillation 84
4. Other Processes 86
5. Economics and Engineering Development 88
6. Nuclear Power and Nuclear Heat 89
7. Research and Development for the Future 89
8. Conclusion 91
Acknowledgments 92
References 93
CHAPTER 5. LA DESALINIZZAZIONE DELLE ACQUE SALMASTRE E IL PROBLEMA DELL'ACQUA REALIZZAZIONI E RICERCHE IN ITALIA 94
I1 problema dell'acqua 95
La desalinizzazione delle acque salmastre 98
I1 costo dell'acqua 99
Realizzazioni e ricerche in Italia 101
Prospettive per i1 futuro 106
Bibliografia e note 110
CHAPTER 6. DESALINATION OF SEA AND BRACKISH WATER THE PRESENT STATE OF THE ART IN ISRAEL 112
1. Summary 113
2. Introduction: The Water Position in Israel 115
3. Potential Solutions to the General Problem 116
4. Water Desalination Research and Development 117
5. Electrodialysis 121
6. Economics of Electrodialysis in Israel 127
References 133
CHAPTER 7. EVOLUTION OF THE DISTILLATION PROCESS FOR SEA WATER CONVERSION 134
Research Program 135
Demonstration Plants Program 141
Comparison of Two Distillation Processes 145
Future Work with Distillation Process 147
CHAPTER 8. THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS IN THE FIELD OF WATER DESALINATION 148
Introduction 149
Water Shortages in Developing Countries 150
The Function of Desalinated Water Within the Framework of Economic Development 151
The Supply and Demand for Desalinated Water 152
The Cost and Price of Water in Developing Countries 154
Variable Costs: The Use of Steam and Electricity for Desalination 155
Fixed Costs: The Importance of Plant Size 157
Prospects for the Application of Desalinated Water in Developing Countries 159
Foreseeable Reductions in Cost of Desalinated Water 160
Government Policy with Respect to Desalination 162
APPENDIX 164
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SEA-WATER DESALTING 166
1. TABLE OF CONTENTS 168
2. CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX 169
BIBLIOGRAPHY 172