Solid-State Devices and Applications (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Solid-State Devices and Applications 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 8
CHAPTER 1 Semiconductor Fundamentals 10
1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Fundamentals of atomic theory 10
1.3 Crystal structures and doping 12
1.4 Behaviour of doped materials 15
1.5 pn junctions 16
1.6 Energy-band diagrams for pn junctions 18
1.7 Manufacturing techniques 19
CHAPTER 2. Diodes 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Basic techniques 21
2.3 Diode ratings 22
2.4 Point-contact diodes 23
2.5 Varactor diodes and tuning diodes 24
2.6 Voltage-regulator diodes 25
2.7 Photodiodes 26
2.8 Tunnel and backward diodes 28
2.9 Gunn diodes 31
2.10 Current-regulator diodes 34
2.11 Shockley diodes 36
2.12 Planar and planar epitaxial diodes 36
CHAPTER 3. Bipolar Transistors 37
3.1 Fundamental theory 37
3.2 Quantity symbols 38
3.3 Modes of operation 39
3.4 Transistor characteristics 40
3.5 Leakage current 42
3.6 Transistor types 44
3.7 The grown-junction transistor 44
3.8 Alloy-junction transistors 44
3.9 Alloy-diffused transistors 45
3.10 Double-diffused transistors 46
3.11 Epitaxial techniques 47
3.12 Planar transistors 47
3.13 Other bipolar devices 51
3.14 The phototransistor 52
3.15 The unijunction transistor 54
3.16 The tetrode transistor 54
3.17 The thyristor 55
CHAPTER 4. Unipolar Transistors 57
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Basic principles 57
4.3 Comparison of types of f.e.t. 62
4.4 Comparison of unipolar and bipolar transistors 62
4.5 Quantity symbols 63
4.6 Modes of operation 63
4.7 Characteristics 64
4.8 Temperature stability 64
4.9 Physical structures 65
4.10 Developments of the f.e.t. 66
CHAPTER 5. Integrated Circuits 67
5.1 Introduction 67
5.2 Market categories 69
5.3 Digital integrated circuits 69
5.4 Linear (analogue) integrated circuits 71
5.5 Manufacturing techniques 72
5.6 Film techniques 73
5.7 Passive and active components in film circuits 74
5.8 Advantages of film circuits 77
5.9 Monolithic techniques 78
5.10 Passive and active components in monolithic circuits 80
5.11 Advantages of monolithic circuits 81
5.12 Future developments 81
CHAPTER 6. Amplifier Fundamentals 83
6.1 Introduction 83
6.2 Modes of operation 83
6.3 Bipolar circuits 84
6.4 Unipolar circuits 86
6.5 Phase shift in resistance-loaded amplifiers 88
6.6 Basic design processes and considerations 89
6.7 Biasing considerations for c.e. amplifier circuits 91
6.8 Biasing considerations for c.s. stages 93
6.9 The emitter follower 95
6.10 The source follower 98
CHAPTER 7. Audio- and Radio- Frequency Amplifiers 101
7.1 Audio amplifiers: introduction 101
7.2 Large- and small-signal parameters 101
7.3 Choice of mode 102
7.4 Coupling techniques for a.f. amplifiers 102
7.5 Feedback techniques 105
7.6 Classes of bias 107
7.7 Push-pull output circuits and driver stages 108
7.8 Temperature considerations for power stages 112
7.9 Unipolar transistors in a.f. amplifiers 112
7.10 Radio-frequency amplifiers: Introduction 112
7.11 Coupling techniques for r.f. amplifiers 113
7.12 Unilateralisation and neutralisation 114
7.13 Unipolar transistors in r.f. amplifiers 117
7.14 Automatic gain control 117
CHAPTER 8. Direct-Current, Wideband and Operational Amplifiers 119
8.1 Definition 119
8.2 Design problems in d.c. amplifiers 120
8.3 Causes of drift 120
8.4 Methods of drift reduction 121
8.5 Difference amplifiers 123
8.6 Wideband amplifiers 127
8.7 Wideband amplifier compensation techniques 127
8.8 Operational amplifiers 129
8.9 Operational-amplifiers vocabulary 131
8.10 Operational-amplifier characteristics 133
8.11 Stability of operational amplifiers 134
8.12 Fundamentals of compensation 135
8.12 Modes of operation and some applications of operational amplifiers 136
CHAPTER 9. Sinusoidal Oscillators, Modulation and Detector Circuits 141
9.1 Basic principles of feedback oscillators 141
9.2 Basic principles of negative-resistance oscillators 143
9.3 Basic considerations in the design of solid-state oscillators 143
9.4 Oscillator circuits categorised 144
9.5 Meissner oscillators 144
9.6 Hartley, Colpitts and Clapp oscillators 145
9.7 Phase-shift oscillator 147
9.8 Wien-bridge oscillator 148
9.9 Crystal oscillators 149
9.10 Modulation and detection circuits 150
CHAPTER 10. Logic Circuits 159
10.1 Introduction 159
10.2 General considerations 160
10.3 Switching properties of bipolar devices 160
10.4 Switching properties of unipolar devices 161
10,5 Vocabulary of logic systems 162
10.6 Types of logic circuit 164
10.7 Diode–transistor logic 165
10.8 Resistor– 
166 
10.9 Transistor–transistor logic 167
10.10 Emitter-coupled logic 168
10.11 Metal-oxide semiconductor logic 169
10.12 Speed up of switching times 170
10.13 Switching circuits and counters 172
10.14 Bistable elements (flip-flops) 172
10.15 Monostable element 177
10.16 Astable elements (free-running multivibrator) 179
10.17 Counting systems 180
CHAPTER 11. Power Applications 182
11.1 Introduction 182
11.2 Fundamentals of thyristor action 182
11.3 Firing methods 183
11.4 Design considerations: characteristics 184
11.5 Gate firing circuits 187
11.6 Thyristor applications 188
CHAPTER 12. Transistor Parameters and Equivalent Circuits 193
12.1 Introduction 193
12.2 General theory 194
12.3 Notation common to all parameters 195
12.4 Matrix representations and detailed circuits 195
12.5 Open-circuit parameters 196
12.6 The equivalent T circuit 198
12.7 Short-circuit parameters 201
12.8 The equivalent p circuit 203
12.9 Hybrid parameters 204
12.10 Derivation of amplifier equations 206
12.11 Measurement of hybrid parameters 209
12.12 A special-case analysis of unipolar amplifier stages 211
CHAPTER 13. Boolean-Algebra Fundamentals 216
13.1 Introduction 216
13.2 Basic concepts 217
13.3 Basic operations 217
13.4 The AND function (logical multiplication) 217
13.5 The OR function (logical addition) 218
13.6 Complementation 220
13.7 NAND and NOR functions 221
13.8 Complete truth table for three independent variables 221
13.9 More complex expressions 222
13.10 Basic laws of Boolean algebra 223
13.11 de Morgan's theorems 226
13.12 Derivation of Boolean expressions 227
CHAPTER 14. Boolean-Algebra Applications 231
14.1 Discussion 231
14.2 Some worked examples 231
14.3 Graphical minimisation techniques 236
14.4 Veitch diagrams and Karnaugh maps 236
14.5 Two-variable Veitch diagram 236
14.6 Three-variable Veitch diagram 238
14.7 The four-variable Veitch diagram 239
14.8 Summary of rules 241
14.9 Pattern recognition: rules for minimisation 241
14.10 Some worked examples on looping 244
14.11 Minimisation of AND-form expressions 246
4.12 Other form conversions 247
14.13 Properties of the unprimed squares 248
14.14 OR to minimum inverted OR 248
14.15 OR to minimum AND 249
14.16 AND to minimum inverted AND 250
14.17 AND to minimum OR 250
14.18 Summary of form conversion methods 251
14.19 Uses of NAND and NOR gates 253
APPENDIX 1: Counting Systems: The Binary System 254
APPENDIX 2: Binary-Coded-Decimal Systems 258
APPENDIX 3: Efficiency of Class A and Class B Amplifiers 260
Class A 260
Class B 261
Index 262