Electron Optics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Electron Optics 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
CONTENTS OF PART 2 8
PREFACE TO THE SECOND ENGLISH EDITION 12
PREFACE TO THE FIRST ENGLISH EDITION 14
PART 1: OPTICS 16
CHAPTER 1. FUNDAMENTAL FEATURES AND BASIC TECHNIQUES 18
1.1 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 18
1.2 OUTLINE OF A DEMONSTRATION IN ELECTRON OPTICS 19
1.3 THE OBJECT 20
1.4 THE FLUORESCENT SCREEN 26
1.5 PHOTOGRAPHY 29
1.6 THE OPTICAL BENCH 30
CHAPTER 2. THE DISTRIBUTION OF POTENTIAL AND FIELD IN ELECTROSTATIC LENSES 35
2.1 SOLUTION OF THE LAPLACE EQUATION 35
2.2 THE ELECTROLYTIC TANK 60
2.3 THE RESISTANCE NETWORK 69
CHAPTER 3. THE FIELD DISTRIBUTION IN MAGNETIC LENSES 73
3.1 DIRECT CALCULATION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD 73
3.2 DIRECT METHODS OF MEASURING THE INDUCTION B AND ITS GRADIENT 87
3.3 THE USE OF ELECTRICAL ANALOGUES 92
CHAPTER 4. THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSTATIC LENSES 100
4.1 IMAGE FORMATION 100
4.2 THE GAUSSIAN APPROXIMATION 109
4.3 OPTICAL FORMALISM 116
4.4 RELATIVISTIC LENSES 125
4.5 PRACTICAL DETERMINATION OF ELECTRON TRAJECTORIES 126
4.6 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE STANDARD CARDINAL ELEMENTS 134
CHAPTER 5. THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC LENSES 138
5.1 THE FORM OF THE TRAJECTORIES IN AN AXIALLY SYMMETRIC FIELD 138
5.2 THE GAUSSIAN APPROXIMATION 141
5.3 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC LENSES 145
5.4 RELATIVISTIC LENSES 147
5.5 METHODS OF DETERMINING THE FUNDAMENTAL RAYS 148
5.6 CALCULATION OF THE TRAJECTORIES AND OPTICAL ELEMENTS 150
CHAPTER 6. 
154 
6.1 ELECTROSTATIC LENSES 154
6.2 MAGNETIC LENSES 159
6.3 THE REFRACTIVE INDEX IN INTERFERENCE PHENOMENA AND THE " WAVE " MECHANICS OF THE ELECTRON 164
CHAPTER 7. LENS DEFECTS 170
7.1 THE LIMITS OF THE GAUSSIAN APPROXIMATION 170
7.2 THIRD ORDER ABERRATIONS 171
7.3 CALCULATION OF THE ABERRATION COEFFICIENTS 179
7.4 CHROMATIC ABERRATION 191
7.5 MECHANICAL DEFECTS 197
7.6 MEASUREMENT OF THE ABERRATION COEFFICIENTS, AND THEIR ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE 200
7.7 CORRECTION OF THE ABERRATIONS 213
CHAPTER 8. SOME ELECTROSTATIC LENSES AND TRIODE GUNS 222
8.1 TWO COAXIAL CYLINDERS 222
8.2 LENSES FORMED FROM THREE DIAPHRAGMS 226
8.3 "MESH" OR "GRID" LENSES 239
8.4 THE IMMERSION OBJECTIVE 243
8.5 THE TRIODE ELECTRON GUN 255
CHAPTER 9. MAGNETIC LENS MODELS 274
9.1 THE LONG SOLENOID 274
9.2 MODELS REPRESENTING SHORT SYSTEMS 275
9.3 THE UNSHIELDED SHORT COIL 288
9.4 SHIELDED COILS 291
9.5 SUPER CONDUCTING COILS 298
CHAPTER 10. STRONG FOCUSING LENSES 302
10.1 THE STRONG FOCUSING PRINCIPLE 302
10.2 THE FIELD DISTRIBUTION 306
10.3 THE FIRST ORDER OPTICAL PROPERTIES 311
10.4 COMBINATIONS OF LENSES 316
10.5 A CHAIN OF N IDENTICAL CROSSED QUADRUPOLE LENSES 322
10.6 APPLICATIONS OF QUADRUPOLE LENSES 327
10.7 THE ABERRATIONS OF QUADRUPOLE LENSES 328
CHAPTER 10A. PRISM OPTICS 338
10A.1 MAGNETIC PRISMS 339
10A.2 ELECTROSTATIC PRISMS 369
TABLE 1. SOME USEFUL CONSTANTS 388
TABLE 2. SOME USEFUL FORMULAE 389
TABLE 3. 
390 
TABLE 4. THE LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS OF FRACTIONAL ORDER 393
BIBLIOGRAPHY 396
BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR PART 1 
398 
INDEX 408