Dislocations (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Dislocations 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 18
PRINCIPAL WORKS ON DISLOCATIONS 20
PART ONE: General Properties of Dislocations 22
CHAPTER I. DEFINITION AND EXAMPLES 24
1.1. PERFECT AND REAL CRYSTALS 24
1.2. CLASSICAL ELASTIC MEDIUM 24
1.3. CRYSTALS 26
1.4. TRANSLATION DISLOCATIONS 27
1.5. ROTATION DISLOCATIONS 30
1.6. ILLUSTRATIONS 32
CHAPTER II. ELASTIC THEORY OF DISLOCATIONS 66
2.1. STUDY OF A SIMPLE CASE 66
2.2. THE GENERAL CASE FOR TRANSLATION DISLOCATIONS 76
2.3. FORCE ON A DISLOCATION 83
2.4. INTERACTION OF A DISLOCATION AND A FREE SURFACE. IMAGE FORCE 93
CHAPTER III. MOTION OF DISLOCATIONS. GLIDE 98
3.1. EXPERIMENTAL PROOF OF MOTION 98
3.2. CONSERVATIVE AND NON-CONSERVATIVE MOTIONS 101
3.3. DISLOCATION GLIDE 102
3.4. KINETICS OF GLIDE 111
3.5. FREE ENERGY OF A DISLOCATION LINE 122
CHAPTER IV. VACANCIES AND INTERSTITIAL ATOMS 125
4.1. THE NATURE OF VACANCIES AND INTERSTITIAL ATOMS 125
4.2. ENERGIES OF FORMATION AND DISPLACEMENT 127
4.3. METHODS OF MEASUREMENT. SELF DIFFUSION 134
4.4. MEASUREMENTS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES 138
4.5. IRRADIATION 145
4.6. COLDWORK 149
CHAPTER V. DISLOCATION CLIMB 153
5.1. FAST CLIMB 153
5.2. CLIMB BY DIFFUSION 157
5.3. PRODUCTION OF VACANCIES AND INTERSTITIAL ATOMS DURING COLDWORK 165
5.4. DISLOCATION LOOPS AND HELICES PRODUCED BY A SUPER- OR UNDER-SATURATION OF POINT DEFECTS 172
CHAPTER VI. IMPERFECT DISLOCATIONS 183
6.1.IMPERFECT DISLOCATIONS AND SURFACES OF MISFIT 183
6.2. STACKING FAULTS AND TWINS 184
6.3. IMPERFECT DISLOCATIONS IN THE FACE CENTRED CUBIC STRUCTURE 192
6.4 AGGREGATES OF VACANCIES OR INTERSTITIALS. LOOPS AND TETRAHEDRA 195
6.5. SPLITTING OF PERFECT DISLOCATIONS INTO "PARTIALS" 200
6.6. CONSEQUENCES OF SPLITTING 210
6.7. MECHANICAL TWINNING 222
6.8. EPITAXY 233
6.9. MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATIONS 236
CHAPTER VII. CRYSTAL GROWTH 240
7.1. GROWTH OF PERFECT CRYSTALS FROM THE VAPOUR PHASE 240
7.2. RATE OF GROWTH OF A DISLOCATED CRYSTAL 243
7.3. GROWTH SPIRALS 245
7.4. GROWTH FROM A LIQUID PHASE 247
7.5. ORIGIN OF GROWTH DISLOCATIONS 252
PART TWO: Dislocation Networks 258
CHAPTER VIII. THE FRANK NETWORK OF REAL CRYSTALS. ELASTIC LIMIT 260
8.1. FRANK NETWORK AND POLYGONIZED STRUCTURE 260
8.2. ETCH FIGURES 262
8.3. "MOSAIC STRUCTURE" BY X-RAYS 263
8.4. ELASTIC LIMIT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS 265
8.5. ANOMALIES OF THE ELASTIC CONSTANTS 283
8.6. SIZE OF THE FRANK NETWORK 288
CHAPTER IX. COLDWORK. PILED UP GROUPS 290
9.1. GEOMETRY OF PLASTIC DEFORMATIONS 290
9.2. CAUSES OF HARDENING 292
9.3. LAMINAR FLOW IN SINGLE CRYSTALS 293
9.4. TURBULENT FLOW IN SINGLE CRYSTALS 305
9.5. STRAINING OF POLYCRYSTALS 314
9.6. PROPERTIES OF THE COLDWORKED STATE 320
CHAPTER X. ANNEALING, POLYGONIZATION, RECRYSTALLIZATION, GRAIN BOUNDARIES 324
10.1. ANNEALING 324
10.2. NATURE OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES AND SUB-BOUNDARIES 328
10.3. PROPERTIES OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES AND SUB-BOUNDARIES 333
10.4. POLYGONIZATION 343
10.5. RECRYSTALLIZATION 348
CHAPTER XI. CREEP 352
11.1. DESCRIPTION 352
11.2 LOW TEMPERATURE DEFORMATIONS 354
11.3. HIGH TEMPERATURE DEFORMATIONS 360
CHAPTER XII. CLEAVAGE 369
12.1. DESCRIPTION 369
12.2. CRACK NUCLEATION 375
12.3. CRACK PROPAGATION 385
12.4 BRITTLE AND DUCTILE FRACTURES 395
PART THREE: Interaction of Dislocationswith Other Defects 398
CHAPTER XIII. NATURE OF THE INTERACTIONS WITH IMPURITIES 400
13.1. INTRODUCTION 400
13.2. INTERACTION ENERGY 402
13.3. ELASTIC INTERACTION 409
13.4. ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTION 413
13.5. SCREW DISLOCATIONS 416
CHAPTER XIV. HARDNESS OF A CRYSTAL CONTAINING UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED IMPURITIES OR PRECIPITATES 417
14.1. MOTT AND NABARRO'S THEORIES 418
14.2. PRECIPITATES 420
14.3. GUINIER–PRESTON ZONES 425
14.4. SOLID SOLUTIONS 428
CHAPTER XV. HARDNESS OF A CRYSTAL CONTAINING CLOUDS OF IMMOBILE IMPURITIES OR PRECIPITATES ALONG ITS DISLOCATIONS 434
15.1. TENSILE TESTS OF IMPURE AND AGED CRYSTALS 434
15.2. SINGLE CRYSTALS 436
15.3. POLYCRYSTALS 443
15.4. SPLIT DISLOCATIONS 446
15.5. PINNING BY PRECIPITATES 448
15.6. YIELD POINTS IN PURE CRYSTALS 448
CHAPTER XVI. FORMATION AND MOTION OF IMPURITY CLOUDS 454
16.1. AGEING 454
16.2. MICRO-CREEP 458
16.3. REPEATED YIELD POINTS 460
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
464 
17.1. INTRODUCTION 464
17.2. X-RAYS AND NEUTRONS SCATTERING 464
17.3. THIN FILM ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 469
17.4. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 474
17.5. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY 482
17.6. OPTICAL PROPERTIES IN INSULATORS AND SEMICONDUCTORS 485
17.7. FERROMAGNETISM 487
17.8. OTHER MAGNETIC EFFECTS 492
APPENDIX A: FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS OF ELASTICITY 497
A.l. ELASTIC STRING 497
A.2. THREE DIMENSIONAL MEDIUM 498
A.3. AVERAGE DILATATION DUE TO INTERNAL STRESSES 501
APPENDIX B: SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE 503
APPENDIX C: COMMON SLIPPING AND TWINNING DIRECTIONS FOR SOME CRYSTALLINE SYSTEMS 507
APPENDIX D: LEXICON OF TECHNICAL TERMS 508
REFERENCES 509
INDEX 538