Radiation Research (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Radiation Research: Biomedical, Chemical and Physical Perspectives 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
PREFACE 16
EDITORS' NOTE 
20 
PART 1: SPECIAL ADDRESSES 24
Chapter 1. Speech at Opening Ceremonies of the Fifth International Congress on Radiation Research July 14, 1974 
26 
Chapter 2. Twelfth Failla Memorial Lecture 
32 
REFERENCES 52
PART 2: ENERGY NEEDS, NUCLEAR POWER AND 
54 
Chapter 3. Energy 
55 
CAN MAN LIVE WITH FISSION? (4) 57
TECHNOLOGICAL FIXES FOR FISSION 59
REFERENCES 61
PART 3: PROSPECTS FOR FUSION POWER 64
Chapter 4. Status and Future Prospects for Fusion Power 65
INTRODUCTION 65
THE PRINCIPAL GOAL 65
THE FUSION PLASMA PROBLEM 66
THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM 68
THE ENERGY SYSTEM 69
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FUSION POWER 71
FUSION AS A SOLUTION TO OTHER PROBLEMS 76
REFERENCES 77
Chapter 5. Fusion Research in Japan 79
PART 4: TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 
84 
Chapter 6. Technological Applications of Radiation: 
85 
REFERENCES 87
Chapter 7. Applied Industrial Radiation Chemistry 
88 
INTRODUCTION 88
CROSSLINKED WIRE AND CABLE INSULATION 90
HEAT SHRINKABLE FILM, TUBING 
91 
CROSSLINKED POLYETHLENE FOAM 94
TEXTILES 94
CURING OF COATINGS AND INKS 96
WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITES 97
WOOD CHIP IRRADIATION 98
CONTROLLED MOLECULAR WEIGHTS VIA 
99 
MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS BASED ON CROSSLINKED 
99 
MISCELLANEOUS POLYMERIZATION PROCESSES 100
RUBBER VULCANIZATION 100
REFERENCES 100
Chapter 8. Mutations in Plant Breeding—A Glance Back 
104 
PLANT BREEDING—SCIENCE OR ART? 104
INCREASING COMPLEXITY OF PLANT BREEDING 104
DOMESTICATION OF WILD SPECIES 105
DIRECT MUTATION IN BARLEY IMPROVEMENT 106
RECOMBINATION OF INDUCED MUTANT ALLELES 108
INDUCED MUTATIONS IN TRITICUM DURUM 113
CHROMOSOME MANIPULATION IN PLANT BREEDING 114
CONCLUDING REMARKS 115
REFERENCES 117
Chapter 10. The Use of Ionizing Radiation for Preservation 
119 
INTRODUCTION 119
RADAPPERTIZATION 120

125 
REDUCED DEPENDENCE ON CHEMICAL FOOD ADDITIVES 129
SAFETY FOR CONSUMPTION (WHOLESOMENESS) 130
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 137
REFERENCES 138
Chapter 11. Radiation Sterilization—An Industrial Process 141
INTRODUCTION 141
ISOTOPE SOURCES AND PLANT 141
RADIATION STERILIZATION DOSE 146
PROCESS AND PRODUCT CONTROL 148
RANGE OF APPLICATION 149
FUTURE PROSPECTS 151
REFERENCES 152
PART 5: HUMAN RADIOBIOLOGY 154
Chapter 12. The Late Effects of Acute External Exposure 
155 
REFERENCES 167
Chapter 13. The Risk of Malignancy from 
169 
REFERENCES 178
PART 6: RE-EVALUATION OF HAZARDS OF RADIATION EXPOSURE RELATIVE TO OTHER 
180 
Chapter 14. Chemical and Radiation Carcinogenesis 
181 
INTRODUCTION 181
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 
181 
CHEMICAL AND RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS 
184 
CHEMICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE CELLULAR ABSORPTION 
188 
MECHANISMS OF CARCINOGENESIS 
189 
CONCLUSIONS 190
REFERENCES 190
Chapter 15. Problems in the Reevaluation of Genetic Risks from Radiation 
192 
REFERENCES 204
PART 7: THE BASIC PHYSICS OF THE INTERACTIONS OF 
206 
Chapter 16. Introduction to the Symposium on the 
207 
REFERENCES 210
Chapter 17. Photoionization 211
INTRODUCTION 211
AUTOIONIZATION IN ATOMIC GASES 213
AUTOIONIZATION AND PRE-DISSOCIATION IN MOLECULES 217
THE VARIATION OF TOTAL AND PARTIAL 
223 
PARTIAL CROSS SECTIONS AND MASS SPECTRA 226
REFERENCES 227
Chapter 18. Electron Energy Deposition in Matter 
228 
INTRODUCTION 228
HIGH INCIDENT ENERGY 229
DIPOLE APPROXIMATION 233
LOW INCIDENT ENERGY 234
INNER SHELL PROCESSES 238
CONCLUSIONS 239
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 240
REFERENCES 240
Chapter 19. Secondary Electron Spectra 242
INTRODUCTION 242
THEORY 243
NORMALIZATION AND EXTRAPOLATION 
244 
CONCLUDING REMARKS 248
REFERENCES 249
Chapter 20. Ionization by Energy Transfer from Excited Species 250
INTRODUCTION 250
PENNING IONIZATION 250
IONIZATION BY ATOMS IN RESONANCE STATES 259
IONIZATION IN COLLISIONS 
260 
IONIZATION IN THERMAL COLLISIONS WITH 
262 
REFERENCES 263
Chapter 21. Ionization by Interpénétration of Electron Shells 265
INTRODUCTION 265
COULOMB IONIZATION 266
CHARGE TRANSFER IONIZATION 267
SHELL INTERPENETRATION PHENOMENA 267
DIFFERENTIAL INELASTIC ENERGY LOSS MEASUREMENTS 271
FANO-LICHTEN MODEL 272
COUPLING MECHANISMS 274
ENERGY THRESHOLDS FOR INNER-SHELL EXCITATION 275
ENERGY DEPOSITION IN INNER-SHELL PROCESSES 276
CONCLUDING REMARKS 277
REFERENCES 277
Chapter 22. Spontaneous Break-up of Gaseous Ions 278
INTRODUCTION 278
INSTRUMENTAL 278
CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS 282
ENERGETICS 285
KINETICS 288
CONCLUSION 296
REFERENCES 297
Chapter 23. Ion Molecule Reactions 299
PART 8: PARTICLE PENETRATION 
300 
Chapter 24. Energy Loss and Ranges of Charged 
301 
INTRODUCTION 301
GENERAL 302
LIGHT-ION STOPPING 303
HEAVY-ION AND LOW-VELOCITY STOPPING 304
NUCLEAR STOPPING 305
RANGES 306
REFERENCES 307
Chapter 25. Channeling: A Tool for the Study of the Interactions 
310 
INTRODUCTION 310
ATOMIC INTERACTIONS 
311 
HYPERCHANNELING 317
CHARGE EXCHANGE OF CHANNELED IONS 319
REFERENCES 324
Chapter 26. Transmission of Fast Molecules 
325 
INTRODUCTION 325
ANOMALIES OBSERVED WITH MOLECULAR BEAMS 325
MOLECULAR TRANSMISSION 330
CONCLUSION 337
REFERENCES 337
Chapter 27. Primary Processes and Track Effects 
338 
INTRODUCTION 338
COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS 341
ENERGY LOCALIZATION 344
CONCLUSION 347
REFERENCES 347
PART 9: ELECTRONS IN LIQUIDS1 348
Chapter 28. The Optical Absorption Spectrum of the Solvated Electron 
349 
INTRODUCTION 349
SPECTRA OF esol IN 
349 
EMPIRICAL CORRELATION OF FREEMAN 351
SPECTRAL GROUPING OF ABSORPTION MAXIMA 352
esol 
353 
STRUCTURE IN THE ABSORPTION SPECTRUM OF 
354 
REFERENCES 355
Chapter 29. Theory of Optical Spectra 
356 
REFERENCES 366
Chapter 30. Electron Yields and Reaction Kinetics 
368 
INTRODUCTION 368
EXPERIMENTAL 369
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 369
CONCLUSION 377
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 377
REFERENCES 378
Chapter 31. 
379 
REFERENCES 388
Chapter 32. 
390 
INTRODUCTION 390
POLAR LIQUIDS 393
NONPOLAR LIQUIDS 394
SATURATED COMPOUNDS 395
UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS 399
REFERENCES 400
Chapter 33. Energies of Conduction Bands in Dielectric Liquids 401
INTRODUCTION 401
PHOTOELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS OF 
401 
EFFECT OF Vo ON PHOTOIONIZATION OF SOLUTES 404
MODELS FOR CONDUCTION BAND ENERGIES 405
RELATION 
406 
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON 
407 
EFFECT OF Vo ON ELECTRON REACTIONS 408
REFERENCES 409
Chapter 34. Excess Electrons and Energy Fluctuations in 
411 
INTRODUCTION 411
ELECTRON MOBILITY 412
FREE-ION YIELD 414
DISCUSSION 416
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 418
REFERENCES 418
Chapter 35. Mobilities of Slow Electrons in Low- and High-Pressure Gases and 
420 
ELECTRON MOBILITIES IN LOW-PRESSURE GASES 420
ELECTRON MOBILITIES IN HIGH-PRESSURE GASES 422
ELECTRON MOBILITIES IN GASES AND LIQUIDS 425
REFERENCES 426
PART 10: RADIATION EFFECTS 
428 
Chapter 36. Ground State Structure of Trapped Electrons in 
429 
INTRODUCTION 429
NUMBER OF FIRST SHELL NUCLEI 
429 
ELECTRON SPIN ECHO BACKGROUND 432
ELECTRON SPIN ECHO OF TRAPPED ELECTRONS 
434 
ELECTRON SPIN ECHO OF TRAPPED ELECTRONS IN MTHF 435
SUMMARY 436
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 437
REFERENCES 437
Chapter 37. Some Aspects of Electron Dynamics in Solid Alkanes 438
INTRODUCTION 438
THERMALIZED ELECTRONS 438
EPITHERMAL ELECTRONS 443
REFERENCES 448
Chapter 38. Deferred Luminescence in Organic Matrices 
449 
INTRODUCTION 449
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 450
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 450
CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK 458
REFERENCES 458
Chapter 39. Trapped Electrons and Anions in Rigid 
459 
INTRODUCTION 459
TRAPPED ELECTRONS 459
ANIONIC INTERMEDIATES 461
REFERENCES 464
Chapter 40. Reactions of Elections in 3-Methylhexane Glass 466
INTRODUCTION 466
GEMINATE RECOMBINATION IN COLD LIQUID 3MH 466
PULSE RADIOLYSIS OF PYRENE IN 3MH AT 76 K 469
REFERENCES 471
Chapter 41. Formation and Decay of Trapped Electrons 
473 
INTRODUCTION 473
FORMATION OF 
473 
DECAY OF et 478
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 483
REFERENCES 483
Chapter 42. Electron Tunneling in Rigid Media1 485
INTRODUCTION 485
EXPERIMENTAL 485
THEORY 486
RESULTS 491
DISCUSSION 495
CONCLUSIONS 498
REFERENCES 498
PART 11: FAST RESPONSE 
500 
Chapter 43. Rapid-Mixing Studies on the Time-Scale 
501 
INTRODUCTION 501
THE APPARATUS 502
TIME SCALE OF THE OXYGEN EFFECT 503
CHEMICAL RADIOSENSITIZERS 507
REFERENCES 514
Chapter 44. Application of Fast Polarography in 
516 
INTRODUCTION 516
EXPERIMENTAL 516
THEORY 517
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 522
CONCLUSIONS 533
REFERENCES 533
Chapter 45. Catalysis of Electron and Electron Transfer 
534 
INTRODUCTION 534
EXPERIMENTAL 535
RESULTS 535
DISCUSSION 542
REFERENCES 546
Chapter 46. The Picosecond Reactions of Electrons 
547 
INTRODUCTION 547
EXPERIMENTAL 547
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 548
CONCLUSION 553
REFERENCES 553
PART 12: CURRENT TOPICS IN DOSIMETRY 554
Chapter 47. International Intercomparison of Neutron Dosimetry 555
INTRODUCTION 555
EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS 556
PRELIMINARY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 557
CONCLUSIONS 567
APPENDIX A 568
APPENDIX 
569 
REFERENCES 569
Chapter 48. Dosimetrie Parameters and Terminology 
570 
BACKGROUND 570
THE SPECIFICATION OF DOSE 570
SPECIFICATION OF THE IRRADIATION PROCEDURE 572
THE MEASUREMENT OF DOSE 573
MICRODOSIMETRY 574
RESPONSE MODIFICATION 576
REFERENCES 579
Chapter 
580 
INTRODUCTION 580
THE AUGER CASCADE 580
DOSIMETRY 582
THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF 
585 
CONCLUDING REMARKS 589
REFERENCES 590
Chapter 50. Particle Dosimetry by Track Etching, with Applications to Apollo Astronauts and to Heavy Radionuclide Mapping 
593 
INTRODUCTION 593
PARTICLE DOSIMETRY 594
RADIONUCLIDE DISTRIBUTION 601
SUMMARY 602
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 602
REFERENCES 602
PART 13: PHOTODYNAMIC INACTIVATION OF MACROMOLECULES 
604 
Chapter 51. Psoralen Cross-Links in DNA: Biological 
605 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 611
REFERENCES 611
Chapter 52. Chemical Aspects of Photodynamic Action 
613 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 631
REFERENCES 631
Chapter 53. The Effects of Photodynamic Action Involving 
635 
INTRODUCTION 635
THERAPEUTIC USES OF PHOTODYNAMIC ACTION 635
SENSITIZED OXIDATION IN THE SELECTIVE MODIFICATION 
636 
PHOTODYNAMIC ISOMERIZATION 639
PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 
640 
REFERENCES 644
PART 14: THE EFFECTS OF UV LIGHT 
646 
Chapter 54. Dissipation of UV Energy 
647 
Chapter 55. Genetic Effects of UV on Escherichia coli—a Model 
649 
INTRODUCTION 649
ExrA+ REPAIR AS A MINOR OPTIONAL PATHWAY FOR REPAIR OF ANY 
649 
THE INVOLVEMENT OF RECOMBINATION 650
THE "DOSE-SQUARED" RESPONSE CURVE—THREE HYPOTHESES 651
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 654
REFERENCES 654
Chapter 56. The Present Status of DNA Repair Mechanisms in UV Irradiated Yeast 
655 
INTRODUCTION 655
THE FATE OF UV-INDUCED PYRIMIDINE DIMERS IN THE NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA'S 
656 
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC FACTORS WHICH MODIFY 
664 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 671
REFERENCES 671
Chapter 57. Radiology Applied: Mapping Transcriptional 
674 
INTRODUCTION 674
UV EFFECTS ON THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL 
675 
RELEASE OF RNA POLYMERASE 
677 
UV STUDIES ON THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF 
679 
REFERENCES 685
PART 15: THE EUKARYOTIC 
686 
Chapter 58. The Replication of Drosophila DNA: 
687 
INTRODUCTION 687
EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS, METHODS, AND DEFINITIONS 687
SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS RESULTS 688
ADDITIONAL RESULTS 692
DISCUSSION 693
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 695
REFERENCES 695
Chapter 59. Mammalian Chromosome Structure: Ultrastructural Aspects of Specialized Regions 
696 
INTRODUCTION 696
STRUCTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CHROMOSOME BANDING 696
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES 701
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SPECIALIZED CHROMOSOME REGIONS 706
ANALYSIS OF CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS 
710 
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 713
REFERENCES 713
Chapter 60. Structure and Replication of theYeast Chromosome 715
PART 16: REPAIR PROCESSES IN 
716 
Chapter 61. Repair Studies at the Molecular, Chromosomal, and 
717 
I. Lymphocytes 721
2. Fibroblasts 721
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 725
REFERENCES 725
Chapter 62. DNA Damage and its Repair in Hyperthermic 
726 
INTRODUCTION 726
ENHANCED KILLING OF HYPERTHERMIC CELLS 726
DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR IN HYPERTHERMIC CELLS 731
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 739
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 740
REFERENCES 740
Chapter 63. Use of a Purified Lesion-Recognizing Enzyme To Assay 
741 
INTRODUCTION 741
METHODS FOR MONITORING DIMER REPAIR 742
DIMER REPAIR AS MEASURED BY THE 
744 
USE OF EXISTING ASSAYS 
746 
CONCLUSION AND PROSPECTUS 748
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 748
REFERENCES 749
Chapter 64. Carcinogens And DNA Repair 750
REFERENCES 756
Chapter 65. Chemical Changes Induced in DNA by Ionizing Radiation and the Relationship of Their 
758 
INTRODUCTION 758
BASE DAMAGE 758
SINGLE-STRAND BREAKS 759
DOUBLE-STRAND BREAKS 761
CONCLUSION 761
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 762
REFERENCES 762
PART 17: CHEMICAL RADIOSENSITIZATION OF 
764 
Chapter 66. Mammalian Cell Sensitization Repair 
765 
CONCLUSIONS 773
REFERENCES 774
Chapter 67. Chemical Radiosensitization Studies With 
775 
REFERENCES 783
Chapter 68. In Vivo Testing of Hypoxic 
784 
INTRODUCTION 784
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 786
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 794
REFERENCES 794
Chapter 69. Chairman's Comments on the Discussion 
796 
SELF-CONSISTENCY IN 1N-VIVO DATA 796
TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 798
HOW IMPORTANT CLINICALLY ARE HYPOXIC CELLS? 800
PART 18: RESPONSE OF STEM CELLS TO SINGLE REPEATED AND 
802 
Chapter 70. Concept of Human Stem Cell Kinetics 803
INTRODUCTION 803
Do OF HUMAN STEM CELLS 804
A NEW APPROACH TO STUDY OF STEM CELLS 805
CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN STEM CELL POOLS FROM KNOWN KINETICS OF ERYTHRO- AND 
806 
CONCLUSION 809
REFERENCES 809
Chapter 71. Response of Stem Cell System to 
811 
CONCLUSIONS 818
REFERENCES 819
Chapter 72. Characteristics of the Stem Cell Population Surviving a 
820 
INTRODUCTION 820
RADIOSENSITIVITY 820
THERAPEUTIC EFFICIENCY 821
SPLEEN SEEDING FACTOR "f' 822
DOUBLING TIME 824
PROLIFERATION RATE 825
DIFFERENTIATION PATTERN 826
DISCUSSION 829
REFERENCES 830
PART 19: CELL PROLIFERATION CHANGES IN TUMOR AND NORMAL TISSUE 
832 
Chapter 73. Changes in the Rate of Proliferation 
833 
REFERENCES 847
Chapter 74. Cell Proliferation Changes in Hemopoietic Tissue As a Result of Irradiation or Drug Administration: The Control of Cell Proliferation in 
849 
CELL PROLIFERATION IN THE BONE MARROW 849
THE STEM CELL COMPARTMENT 849
RECOVERY FROM DEPOPULATION OF THE CFUs COMPARTMENT 850
THE MATURATION COMPARTMENTS 854
REFERENCES 855
Chapter 75. The Importance of Proliferation Kinetics and 
857 
INTRODUCTION 857
CELL KINETIC PARAMETERS AND MODELS 
859 
CELL PROLIFERATION IN IRRADIATED TUMORS 862
CORRELATION BETWEEN CELL KINETICS 
865 
TIME COURSE VARIATION IN THE FRACTION OF 
867 
REFERENCES 871
Chapter 76. Cell Proliferation Kinetics and Growth 
873 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 880
REFERENCES 880
PART 20: CARCINOGENESIS: RADIATION 
882 
Chapter 77. Carcinogenesis by Ionizing Radiation and Lessons 
883 
INTRODUCTION 883
THE NATURE OF CANCER 883
IONIZING RADIATION AS A CARCINOGEN 884
CARCINOGENESIS BY LOW LEVELS OF EXPOSURE 884
LATENT PERIOD 885
THE RARITY OF THE CARCINOGENIC TRANSFORMATION 888
DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS AND CELL STERILIZATION 889
CARCINOGENESIS IN VIVO: AGE AND SENSITIVITY TO RADIATION 889
CONCLUDING COMMENT 890
REFERENCES 891
Chapter 78. Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis 892
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 900
REFERENCES 900
Chapter 79. Direct Evidence that Damaged DNA Results in Neoplastic Transformation—A Fish 
902 
INTRODUCTION 902
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 903
RESULTS 905
CONCLUSIONS 906
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 906
REFERENCES 907
PART 21: 
908 
Chapter 80. 
909 
INTRODUCTION 909
IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE 909
HUMORAL VERSUS CELLULAR SURVEILLANCE 911
IMMUNE SUPPRESSIVE EFFECTS OF RADIATION 912
LOCAL IRRADIATION 913
TUMOR ANTIGENS 913
A PROPOSED MECHANISM FOR RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS 914
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 916
REFERENCES 916
Chapter 81. The Interplay of Viruses and Radiation 
918 
INTRODUCTION 918
COMPARATIVE IMPORTANCE OF VIRUSES 
918 
BIOLOGY OF TUMOR VIRUSES 920
VIRUSES IMPLICATED IN RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS 925
INTERACTION OF RADIATION AND VIRUS 
926 
ROLE OF IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS 927
OVERVIEW 928
REFERENCES 929
Chapter 82. Roles of Cellular and Humoral 
932 
REFERENCES 938
Chapter 83. Macrophage Functions in Immune 
940 
INTRODUCTION 940
THE MACROPHAGE CELL LINE(S) 940
RESPONSES OF THE MACROPHAGE 
941 
NON-SPECIFIC ACTIVATION OF MACROPHAGES 941
THE ROLE OF MACROPHAGES IN THE INITIATION 
942 
THE EFFECTOR ROLE OF MACROPHAGES 
943 
THE USE OF NONSPECIFIC MACROPHAGE STIMULANTS 
944 
RADIATION-INDUCED MODIFICATION 
945 
REFERENCES 945
PART 22: NEW WAYS OF ESTIMATING GENETIC 
948 
Chapter 84. The Use Of Chromosome Aberrations 
 
949 
INTRODUCTION 949
INTERSPECIFIC COMPARISONS OF DICENTRIC 
951 
THE COMPARISON OF DICENTRIC YIELDS IN LEUKOCYTES 
953 
RECOVERY OF SPERMATOGONIA INDUCED TRANSLOCATIONSIN THE SONS OF IRRADIATED MALES 955
CYTOLOGICALLY AND GENETICALLY DETECTED DELETIONS 956
CURRENT GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE 
957 
REFERENCES 958
Chapter 85. 
960 
INTRODUCTION 960
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 960
METHODS OF ESTIMATING RISKS 961
DOMINANT DISEASES 964
THE COST OF PREVENTING A GENETIC DEFECT 965
CONCLUSIONS 967
REFERENCES 968
Chapter 86. Use of the Mouse to Fill Gaps 
970 
INTRODUCTION 970
DOMINANT MUTATIONS 970
RECESSIVES AND THEIR HETEROZYGOUS EFFECTS 972
THRESHOLD VARIANTS 973
USE OF INVERSIONS 973
SOMATIC MUTATIONS 974
LOSSES AND GAINS OF CHROMOSOMES 975
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 978
REFERENCES 978
PART 23: COMPARISON OF THE MUTAGENIC EFFECTS OFCHEMICALS AND 
980 
Chapter 88. A Comparison of the Mutagenic Effects of Chemicals and Ionizing Radiation 
981 
INTRODUCTION 981
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF 
982 
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MUTATIONS 
983 
SPECIFICITY 983
DOSE EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS 985
THE MUTATION SPECTRUM 986
CONCLUDING REMARKS 986
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 987
REFERENCES 987
Chapter 89. Determinants of the Mutagenic Specificity of Chemical 
989 
THE PROBLEM 989
SPECIFICITY AT THE DNA LEVEL 990
FACTORS OPERATING BEFORE FIXATION 991
FACTORS OPERATING AFTER FIXATION 994
CONCLUSIONS 997
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 997
REFERENCES 998
Chapter 90. Comparison of the Mutagenic Effects of Chemicals and Ionizing Radiation Usine 
999 
INTRODUCTION 999
CELL STAGE SPECIFICITY 1000
MOSAICS 1001
DOSIMETRY 1003
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1005
REFERENCES 1005
Chapter 91. Comparison of the Mutagenic Effect of Chemicals and Ionizing Radiation in the 
1007 
REFERENCES 1014
PART 24: THEORETICAL APPROACHES 
1016 
Chapter 92. Biophysical Implications of Radiation Quality 1017
REFERENCES 1020
Chapter 93. Analysis of Radiation-Induced 
1021 
INTRODUCTION 1021
PROGRESS IN OBSERVATIONAL METHODS 1022
MODELS FOR ABERRATION PRODUCTION 1023
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DOSE-RESPONSE FUNCTIONS 1028
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1029
REFERENCES 1029
Chapter 94. Cell Cycle Kinetics and Radiation Therapy 1032
INTRODUCTION 1032
INTRACYCLIC DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY 1032
NONCYCLING CELLS 1043
REPOPULATION 1043
CONCLUSION 1045
REFERENCES 1046
Chapter 95. Theoretical Aspects and Implications 
1048 
INTRODUCTION 1048
ALTERNATIVE MODELS 1051
SENSITIZATION 1055
LET-EFFECTS 1058
CONCLUSIONS 1059
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1059
REFERENCES 1059
PART 25: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LET 
1062 
Chapter 96. Fundamental Aspects of LET 
1063 
INTRODUCTION 1063
TRACK SEGMENT EXPERIMENTS 1065
MICRODOSIMETRY 1066
VARIATION OF RBE WITH ABSORBED DOSE 1068
CONSEQUENCES OF REDUCED REPAIR AT HIGH LET 1070
THE USE OF HIGH LET RADIATION 
1072 
THE OXYGEN ENHANCEMENT RATIO 1072
OER AND DOSE RATE 1073
CONCLUSIONS 1074
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1074
REFERENCES 1074
Chapter 97. Energy Deposition in Small Volumes in Relation 
1076 
INTRODUCTION 1076
ENERGY DEPOSITION IN SMALL VOLUMES 1077
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 1078
CONCLUSION 1079
REFERENCES 1080
Chapter 98. The Dependence on LET of Various Types of Damage in Phage DNA in Relation to the 
1083 
TYPES OF DNA DAMAGE 1083
THE LET-DEPENDENCE OF DNA DAMAGE 1084
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DNA DAMAGE AND VIABILITY 1085
CONCLUSION 1087
REFERENCES 1088
Chapter 99. The Dependence of RBE And OER on Neutron 
1089 
INTRODUCTION 1089
RECENT EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 1090
COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS DATA IN THE LITERATURE 1092
REFERENCES 1095
Chapter 100. RBE Values of Fast Neutrons for Damage to Organized 
1096 
INTRODUCTION 1096
ENERGY DEPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS 
1097 
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF 
1099 
RBE VALUES AS A FUNCTION OF NEUTRON ENERGY 1102
CONCLUSION 1103
REFERENCES 1104
PART 26: THE USE OF HEAVY PARTICLES 
1106 
Chapter 101. Biological Basis of Heavy Particle and 
1107 
INTRODUCTION 1107
DIFFERENCES IN INTRINSIC CELLULAR RADIOSENSITIVITY 
1108 
HYPOXIC CELLS AND REOXYGENATION IN TUMORS 1110
DIFFERENCES IN RADIOSENSITIVITY AS A FUNCTION 
1111 
PROLIFERATION OF CELLS IN INTERVALS OF FRACTIONATED TREATMENTS 
1112 
RBE VALUES OF 15 MeV NEUTRONS FOR RESPONSES 
1113 
CONCLUDING REMARKS 1114
REFERENCES 1114
Chapter 102. 
1115 
INTRODUCTION 1115
PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS 
1116 
BIOLOGICAL STUDIES UTILIZING THE NRL NEUTRON BEAM 1119
HUMAN CANCER PILOT STUDY 1124
SUMMARY 1128
REFERENCES 1128
Chapter 103. A Preliminary Reportof the MDAH-TAMVEC Neutron Therapy 
1129 
INTRODUCTION 1129
DOSAGE SCHEDULES 1129
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF LOCAL CONTROL 1133
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF RADIATION SEQUELAE 1137
TIME-DOSE RELATIONSHIPS 1138
REFERENCES 1140
Chapter 104. Clinical Experience of Therapy With Cyclotron Neutrons1'2 
1141 
INTRODUCTION 1141
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS 1141
PRECLINICAL RADIOBIOLOGICAL STUDIES 1141
CLINICAL STUDIES 1143
SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1147
REFERENCES 1147
Chapter 105. The RBE for Fast Neutrons: The Link Between Animal Experiments 
1148 
INTRODUCTION 1148
SKIN 1150
INTESTINE 1151
CARTILAGE AND HEMOPOIETIC TISSUE 1153
ESOPHAGUS 1153
LUNG 1153
RBE AS A FUNCTION OF NEUTRON ENERGY 1155
EXPERIMENTAL TUMORS 1155
CLINICAL ASPECTS 1156
CONCLUSIONS 1156
REFERENCES 1157
PART 27: HZE PARTICLE EFFECTS IN MANNED 
1160 
Chapter 106. Studies on the Effects of Cosmic HZE-Particles on Different Biological Systems in the Biostack Experiments I and II Flown on Board 
1161 
INTRODUCTION 1161
CONCEPTION OF THE BIOSTACK EXPERIMENTS 1162
RESULTS 1165
CONCLUSIONS FOR MANNED SPACEFLIGHT 1173
REFERENCES 1174
Chapter 107. Effects of Cosmic Heavy Ions 
1175 
INTRODUCTION 1175
MATERIALS AND METHODS 1176
IRRADIATION EXPERIMENTS 1178
RESULTS 1179
DISCUSSION 1184
REFERENCES 1185
Chapter 108. High-LET Particles in Manned 
1187 
INTRODUCTION 1187
DOSIMETRIC PROCEDURES 1188
APOLLO MEASUREMENTS 1189
SKYLAB D-008 HZE MEASUREMENTS 1191
COMPARISON OF SKYLAB AND APOLLO HZE DOSIMETRY 1192
SUMMARY 1193
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 1193
REFERENCES 1193
Chapter 109. Some Studies on Visual Perception and Pathologic 
1195 
Chapter 110. Biological Effects of Accelerated Boron, Carbon, 
1196 
INTRODUCTION 1196
MATERIALS AND METHODS 1196
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1197
PART 28: TRANSPORT AND FATE 
1208 
Chapter 111. Radioecological Studies 
1209 
CONCLUSION 1213
GENERAL REFERENCES 1214
Chapter 112. Effects of Limnological Variables on 
1215 
INTRODUCTION 1215
IDEALIZED BIOACCUMULATION PATTERNS 1216
PHYSICOCHEMICAL FORMS OF RADIONUCLIDES AND 
1217 
BIOACCUMULATION FACTORS AND AVAILABILITY 
1218 
BIOACCUMULATION FACTOR RELATIONS FOR 
1219 
CONCLUSIONS 1223
APPENDIX A: EFFECT OF CARRIER CONCENTRATION ON 
1224 
LITERATURE CITED 1226
Chapter 113. Effect of Some Important Physio-ecological Factors on the Accumulation of Radionuclides 
1228 
INTRODUCTION 1228
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY 1228
CAPACITY OF METABOLIC REGULATION 1229
GROWTH PROCESSES 1232
CONCLUSIONS 1234
REFERENCES 1235
PART 29: TRANSURANIUM ELEMENT TOXICITY— DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS AT LOW 
1236 
Chapter 114. Metabolism and Biological Effects in Rodents of 
1237 
TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF INHALED ACTINIDES 1237
LOCAL RADIATION DOSE IN LUNGF 
1241 
LATE EFFECTS OF DEPOSITED ACTINIDES 1245
ASSESSMENT OF THE LATE EFFECTS ARISINGF 
1247 
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DEVELOPMENT OF LATE EFFECTS 1250
CONSIDERATIONS OF TIME OF OBSERVATION AND LIFESPAN 1251
EVALUATION OF SAFE LEVELS OF DEPOSITED ACTINIDES 1252
REFERENCES 1254
Chapter 115. Late Effects of Inhaled Plutonium in Dogs 1256
INTRODUCTION 1256
EFFECTS OF INHALED 239PuO2 
1256 
EFFECT OF INHALED 
1262 
CONCLUSIONS 1269
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1269
REFERENCES 1269
Chapter 116. Current Status of Information Obtained 
1271 
MANHATTAN PROJECT EXPOSURES 1272
PLUTONIUM ADMINISTRATION STUDIES IN HUMAN SUBJECTS 1276
U.S. TRANSURANIUM REGISTRY (USTR) 1278
ACCIDENT CASES 1279
TISSUE ANALYSIS PROGRAMS 1281
REFERENCES 1286
Chapter 117. Dose-response Relationships for Beagles 
1289 
INTRODUCTION 1289
MATERIALS AND METHODS 1289
RESULTS 1290
UNANSWERED QUESTIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 1296
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1299
REFERENCES 1299
Chapter 118. Transuranium Element Toxicity—Dose-Response 
1301 
REFERENCES 1306
PART 30: RADIATION AND PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THEATMOSPHERE AND THEIR 
1308 
Chapter 119. Some Aspects of Airborne Particles and 
1309 
INTRODUCTION 1309
SIMPLE MODEL OF AEROSOL-RADIATION INTERACTION 1309
ORIGINS AND PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS 1310
AEROSOLS AND THE EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT 1313
CLIMATOLOGICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL INTERACTIONS 1316
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1320
REFERENCES 1320
Chapter 120. The Oxides of Nitrogen with Respect to Urban Smog, 
1322 
INTRODUCTION 1322
OZONE FORMATION IN URBAN SMOG 1322
OZONE DESTRUCTION 
1326 
CONTINUITY OF OZONE PHOTOCHEMISTRY FROM THE 
1330 
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 1335
REFERENCES 1335
Chapter 121. Gas-to-Particle Conversion in the Atmospheric Environment 
1337 
INTRODUCTION 1337
CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS AND TERMINOLOGY 
1338 
ION-INDUCED GAS-TO-PARTICLE CONVERSION—BRIEF HISTORY 1338
MECHANISMS BASED ON IONIC REACTIONS 1341
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 1344
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 1346
REFERENCES 1348
Chapter 122. Effects of Air Pollution 
1349 
INTRODUCTION 1349
PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING 
1350 
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS 1352
SUMMARY 1354
REFERENCES 1354
PART 31: SUMMARY PLENARY SESSION 1358
Chapter 123. 
1359 
REFERENCES 1364
Chapter 124. 
1366 
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 1366
FREE RADICALS 1367
ELECTRONS IN GLASSES AT LOW TEMPERATURES 1368
ELECTRONS IN NON-POLAR LIQUIDS 1369
MODELS FOR ELECTRONS IN POLAR LIQUIDS 1370
REFERENCES 1371
Chapter 125. Cellular and Subcellular Biology 1372
INTRODUCTION 1372
REPAIR STUDIES 1372
CARCINOGENESIS 1377
CHEMICAL SENSITIZERS 1379
THE SMALL DOSE REGION 1381
CONCLUSION 1383
REFERENCES 1383
Chapter 126. Tissue and Animal 
1385 
AUTHOR INDEX 1396
SUBJECT INDEX 1400