Problems in Optics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Problems in Optics 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Foreword 8
Principal Physical Constants 10
CHAPTER 1. INTERFERENCE 12
1. Visibility of Young's Fringes 12
2. Young's Experiment. Achromatic Fringes 23
3. Fourier Spectroscopy 26
4. Mach Interferometer 31
5. Michelson Interferometer 35
6. Interference Filters 41
7. Fabry–Pérot Etalon. Use of Screens 42
8. Observation of Phase Objects by the Tolansky Method 45
9. Fabry–Pérot (Interference) Spectroscopy 49
CHAPTER 2. ELECTROMAGNETIC OPTICS 58
10. Interference of Hertzian Waves 58
11. Fresnel Formulas 60
12. Fresnel Formulas. Thin Films 63
13. Newton's Rings in Polarized Light 66
14. Propagation of Waves in a Stratified Dielectric Medium 66
15. Electromagnetic Waves in a Resonant Cavity 76
16. Radiation Pressure 79
17. Antennas 81
18. Hertzian Dipoles 85
CHAPTER 3. EMISSION AND ABSORPTION 91
19. Photometry. The Earth–Sun System 91
20. The Spectra and Energy of a Laser 93
21. Optical Constants of Germanium 98
22. Absorption. Black Bodies and Coloured Bodies 99
23. Absorption. Kirchhoff's Law 102
CHAPTER 4. BIREFRINGENCE 106
24. Stokes' Parameters. Poincaré Representation. Muller Matrices 106
25. Fresnel Formulas. Birefringent Prism 112
26. The Field of Polarizing Prisms 115
27. Rotary Dispersion 117
28. Two Passes through a Quarter-wave Plate 120
29. Birefringent Monochromator 122
30. Experiments of Fresnel and Arago 123
31. Polarization Interferometer. Differential Method 127
32. Electrical Birefringence 134
33. Rotary Power. Circular Dichroism 136
34. Faraday Effect 141
CHAPTER 5. DIFFRACTION 144
35. Far-field Diffraction 144
36. Diffraction by Circular Pupils 158
37. Abbe's Experiment 170
38. Holography 181
39. Reflection Gratings 189
40. Irregular Grating 194
41. Phase Grating 197
42. X-rays. Production and Diffraction 205
43. X-ray Spectrometer with a Curved Crystal 208
CHAPTER 6. REFRACTION AND DISPERSION 210
44. Group and Phase Velocity 210
45. Foucault Method for the Velocity of Light 211
46. Velocity of Light in Moving Water 214
47. Propagation of Waves in a Periodic Discontinuous Medium 216
48. Sellmeier Dispersion Equation 219
49. Dispersion in a Region of Weak Absorption 224
50. Band Spectra. Anomalous Dispersion of a Vapour 227
51. Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation Using a Classical Atomic Model 232
52. Dispersion and Reflection of an Ionic Crystal in the Infrared 239
53. Transmission of an Absorbing Thin Film 245
54. Electromagnetic Waves in a Plasma 247
55. Plasma Oscillations 249
CHAPTER 7. QUANTUM MECHANICS 252
56. Electromagnetic and de Broglie Waves 252
57. Five Exercises on Uncertainty Relationships 256
58. Potential Barrier 260
59. The Deuteron 264
60. Double Potential Well 267
61. Angular Momentum Operators 273
62. The Compton Effect 274
63. Planck Radiation Formula 277
64. Ground State of a Two-electron Atom 282
65. First-order Perturbation. Ground State of Helium 283
66. Second-order Perturbation. Stark Effect for a Rotor 287
67. Intramolecular Potential of Ethane 290
68. Vibrational–rotational Energy of a Diatomic Molecule 295
CHAPTER 8. ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR SPECTRA 299
69. Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom 299
70. Spectrum of Neutral Lithium 305
71. Doppler Effect. Spectral Line Width 312
72. Polarization of Resonance Radiation 316
73. Spectral Terms of Two-electron Atoms 322
74. Zeeman Effect in a Two-electron Atom 326
75. X-ray Spectra 330
76. Mössbauer Effect 334
77. Vibrational and Rotational Spectrum of the Hydriodic Acid Molecule 337
78. Calculation of the Velocity of Light 342
79. Spectroscopy and Specific Heat 344
APPENDIX A—The Fourier Transformation 351
A. Definitions and General Properties of the Fourier Transformation 351
B. Convolution 355
C. Dirac Distribution. Poisson Distribution 358
APPENDIX B—The Degree of Coherence between Two Points Illuminated by an Extended Monochromatic Source 369
INDEX 372
OTHER TITLES IN THE SERIES 376