Slurry Flow (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Slurry Flow: Principles and Practice 6
Copyright Page 7
Table of Contents 8
Preface 12
Chapter 1. Basic Concepts for Single-Phase Fluids and Particles 14
1.1 Steady Pipe Flow 14
1.2 Turbulent Pipe Flow 17
1.3 Particle Size Distributions 18
1.4 Packing of Solid Particles in Containers 20
1.5 Forces Acting on a Single Particle in a Dilute Suspension 22
1.6 Drag Force on Immersed Objects 22
1.7 Relaxation Time 28
1.8 Lift Force on a Rotating Particle (Magnus Force) 28
1.9 Fluid Inertia Effect 30
1.10 Brownian Diffusion 31
1.11 Electromagnetic Body Forces 31
1.12 Heat and Mass Transfer to or from Spheres 32
1.13 Surface Forces Between Dispersed Particles 33
1.14 Particle Rotation 37
Chapter 2. Fluid—Particle Mixtures 40
2.1 Definitions for Slurry Flows 40
2.2 Conservation Equations for One-Dimensional Flows 42
2.3 Multiparticle Drag Relationships 44
2.4 Forces in Transient Flows 45
2.5 Settling of Monodisperse Suspensions 46
2.6 Flocculated Slurries 48
2.7 Fluidization of Monodisperse Mixtures 49
2.8 Multispecies Systems 50
2.9 Particle—Particle Forces in the Momentum Equation 53
2.10 Stresses in Flowing Granular Solids 56
2.11 Liquefaction and Compaction 61
2.12 Pressure Wave Propagation 61
Chapter 3. Homogeneous Slurries 66
3.1 Homogeneity 66
3.2 Shear in Pipe Flow 67
3.3 Shear in an Annulus 69
3.4 Integrated Equations for Viscometric Flows 70
3.5 Newtonian Slurries 74
3.6 Distribution Effects 77
3.7 High Solids Concentrations 77
3.8 Particle Shape 78
3.9 Electroviscous and Surface Effects 78
3.10 Yield Stresses 79
3.11 Shear Thinning 83
3.12 Time Dependence 85
3.13 Shear Thickening 85
3.14 Emulsions 86
3.15 Drag Reduction 87
3.16 Fiber Suspensions 87
3.17 Oscillating and Falling-Ball Viscometry 89
Chapter 4. Calculations for Homogeneous Flows 90
4.1 Concentric Cylinder Viscometry 90
4.2 Tube Viscometry 95
4.3 Wall Slip and Nonhomogeneous Flow 98
4.4 Turbulent Flow 100
4.5 Slurries Containing Coarse Particles 104
4.6 Laminar-Turbulent Transition 104
4.7 Scaleup Using Turbulent Flow Data 105
Chapter 5. Correlations for Nonhomogeneous Slurries 108
5.1 Introduction 108
5.2 Deposition Velocity 109
5.3 Headloss Correlations for Horizontal Flow 114
5.4 Broad Size Distributions 118
5.5 Regime-Specific Correlations 122
5.6 Turian-Yuen Correlation 122
5.7 Vertical Flows 125
5.8 Velocity and Concentration Effects in Vertical Flow 127
5.9 Minimum Velocity for Vertical Flow 128
5.10 Mean Density from Pressure Drop 128
5.11 Inclined Pipes 129
Chapter 6. The Two-Layer Model 132
6.1 Origin of the Model 132
6.2 The Two-Layer Model 133
6.3 Sample Calculation: Two-Layer Model 138
6.4 Developments in the Model 140
6.5 Effects of Particle Diameter and Fluid Viscosity 141
6.6 Inclined Flows 142
6.7 Inclined Pipes at Shutdown 143
6.8 Deposition and the Model 144
Chapter 7. Microscopic Modeling of Slurry Flows 148
7.1 The Need for Models 148
7.2 Concentration Distributions in a Closed Channel 149
7.3 The Diffusion Model 149
7.4 Fine-Sand Concentration Distributions 152
7.5 Coarse-Sand Concentration Distributions 154
7.6 Modifying the Diffusion Model 156
7.7 Velocity Distributions 159
7.8 Modeling Velocity Distributions 161
7.9 Interpreting Experimental Headlosses 164
7.10 Interpreting Deposition Velocities 166
Chapter 8. Wear in Slurry Equipment 168
8.1 Introduction 168
8.2 Wear Mechanisms 169
8.3 Effect of Local Parameters on Wear 173
8.4 Effect of Corrosion 174
8.5 Effect of Material 176
8.6 Wear Prediction 177
8.7 Experimental and Computational Aspects 180
8.8 Wear in Slurry Equipment 187
Chapter 9. Pumps and Feeders 196
9.1 Pumping Equipment for Slurries 196
9.2 Centrifugal Slurry Pumps 198
9.3 Piston and Plunger Pumps 217
9.4 Diaphragm Pumps 221
9.5 Feeders 222
Chapter 10. Instrumentation 226
10.1 Measurements and Material Balances 226
10.2 Wall Sampling 226
10.3 Sampling: L Probes 229
10.4 Radiation Absorption 232
10.5 Radiometric Concentration Distributions 235
10.6 Weighing 236
10.7 Concentration from Pressure Drop 236
10.8 Electrical Methods for Concentration 237
10.9 Venturi Meters 239
10.10 Pipe Elbow Meter 240
10.11 Magnetic Flux Flowmeters 241
10.12 Ultrasonic Flowmeters 244
10.13 Transit Time Methods 247
10.14 Coriolis Meter 249
10.15 Visualization and Image Analysis 250
10.16 Laser Doppler Velocimetry 251
Chapter 11. Design and Operation Considerations 254
11.1 Losses in Flow Through Fittings 254
11.2 Flow Patterns and Segregation in Fittings 256
11.3 Inclined Pipes 260
11.4 Gas-Slurry Flows 264
11.5 Pulsating Flows 267
11.6 Open Channel Flows 267
11.7 Particle Degradation During Flow 269
11.8 Heat Transfer to or from Slurries 272
11.9 System Layout 275
11.10 Scale Deposits in Slurry Pipes 279
11.11 Effects of Concentration Variation of Pump–Pipe Systems 282
Appendices 1: Microscopic Equations of Motion for HomogeneousMedia 286
Appendices 2: Microscopic Equations of Motion for Fluid–Particle Mixtures 292
Appendices 3: Useful Data 296
Appendices 4: BASIC Program for Two-Layer Model 298
Appendices 5: Notation 304
Bibliography 312
References 313
Index 334