Nitrogen in the Marine Environment (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Nitrogen in the Marine Environment 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Dedication 6
CONTRIBUTORS 10
FOREWORD 12
PREFACE 14
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 18
Chapter 1. THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF INORGANIC NITROGEN AND DISSOLVED AND PARTICULATE ORGANIC NITROGEN IN THE SEA 20
I. PERSPECTIVE 20
II. OCEANIC NITRATE DISTRIBUTION 22
III. OTHER INORGANIC IONS IN THE OCEAN ENVIRONMENT 31
IV. COASTAL NITROGEN DISTRIBUTIONS 32
V. ESTUARINE NITROGEN DISTRIBUTIONS 38
VI. ORGANIC NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION 41
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 47
REFERENCES 48
Chapter 2. GASEOUS NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 56
I. INTRODUCTION 56
II. PHYSICAL PROCESSES 57
III. DISSOLVED GASEOUS NITROGEN COMPOUNDS 65
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 79
REFERENCES 80
Chapter 3. NITROGEN FIXATION BY MARINE OSCILLATORIA (TRICHODESMIUM) IN THE WORLD'S OCEANS 84
I. INTRODUCTION 84
II. MINIMUM TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENT 87
III. DISTRIBUTION 87
REFERENCES 117
Chapter 4. BENTHIC NITROGEN FIXATION 124
I. INTRODUCTION 124
II. SEDIMENT SURFACE 131
III. PLANT ASSOCIATIONS 133
IV. RHIZOSPHERE AND NONRHIZOSPHERE SEDIMENTS 136
V. ESTIMATE OF TOTAL BENTHIC NITROGEN FIXATION 143
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 147
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 148
REFERENCES 148
Chapter 5. NITRIFICATION 158
I. INTRODUCTION 158
II. PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF MARINE NITRIFYING BACTERIA 161
III. ALTERNATE MECHANISMS FOR NITRIFICATION 180
IV. MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 182
V. SYSTEMS 187
VI. CONCLUSIONS 196
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 199
REFERENCES 199
Chapter 6. DENITRIFICATION AND DISSIMILATORY NITRATE REDUCTION 210
I. INTRODUCTION 210
II. TYPES OF BACTERIAL DISSIMILATORY NITRATE REDUCTION 212
III. DISSIMILATORY NITRATE REDUCTION IN MARINE AQUATIC SYSTEMS 217
IV. DISSIMILATORY NITRATE REDUCTION IN MARINE SEDIMENT SYSTEMS 227
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS 240
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 242
REFERENCES 242
Chapter 7. KINETICS OF INORGANIC NITROGEN UPTAKE BY PHYTOPLANKTON 252
I. INTRODUCTION 252
II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 253
III. STEADY-STATE KINETICS 256
IV. TRANSIENT UPTAKE KINETICS 262
V. NEW PARADIGMS OF NITROGENOUS NUTRITION 285
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 288
REFERENCES 288
Chapter 8. UPTAKE OF ORGANIC NITROGEN 294
I. INTRODUCTION 294
II. AMINO ACIDS 295
III. UREA 306
IV. CONSTITUENTS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS 311
V. ALKYLAMINES AND OTHER FORMS OF ORGANIC NITROGEN 316
VI. SUMMARY 317
REFERENCES 319
Chapter 9. PHYTOPLANKTON NITROGEN METABOLISM 328
I. INTRODUCTION 328
II. MAJOR METABOLIC PATHWAYS OF NITROGEN UTILIZATION 330
III. INTRACELLULAR NITROGEN POOLS 334
IV. RATES OF NITROGEN METABOLISM 337
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 356
VI. DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 357
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 359
REFERENCES 359
Chapter 10. NITROGENOUS NUTRITION OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES 366
I. INTRODUCTION 366
II. BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FOOD 367
III. NITROGEN REQUIREMENTS OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES 377
IV. SUMMARY 391
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 393
REFERENCES 393
Chapter 11. NITROGEN EXCRETION BY MARINE ZOOPLANKTON 404
I. INTRODUCTION 404
II. NITROGENOUS EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR BIOCHEMICAL REGULATION 406
III. METHODS FOR DETERMINING RATES OF NITROGEN EXCRETION 411
IV. FACTORS AFFECTING RATES OF NITROGEN EXCRETION 415
V. ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF NITROGEN REGENERATION BY MARINE ZOOPLANKTON 419
VI. CONCLUSIONS 422
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 423
REFERENCES 423
Chapter 12. BENTHIC NITROGEN REGENERATION 430
I. THE DEPOSITION AND REMINERALIZATION OF NITROGENOUS MATERIAL IN THE BENTHIC ENVIRONMENT: PROCESSES AND STOICHIOMETRY 431
II. THE DYNAMICS OF NITROGEN REGENERATION NEAR THE SEDIMENT-WATER INTERFACE 442
III. FLUXES, TURNOVER, AND BUDGETS 459
IV. SUMMARY 465
REFERENCES 466
Chapter 13. MAN'S IMPACT ON THE MARINE NITROGEN CYCLE 478
I. OVERVIEW OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS 478
II. THEORY 481
III. CASE STUDIES 486
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 499
REFERENCES 501
Chapter 14. NITROGEN CYCLING IN NEAR-SURFACE WATERS OF THE OPEN OCEAN 506
I. INTRODUCTION 506
II. NITROGEN IN OCEANIC REGIONS 507
III. ACCOUNTING FOR NITROGEN IN THE OCEANIC REALM 515
IV. SUMMARY 526
REFERENCES 527
Chapter 15. NITROGEN IN UPWELLING SYSTEMS 532
I. INTRODUCTION 532
II. BACKGROUND 533
III. DISCUSSION 555
IV. CONCLUSION 569
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 571
REFERENCES 572
Chapter 16. NITROGEN IN ESTUARINE AND COASTAL MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 584
I. INTRODUCTION 584
II. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 585
III. THE ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN 588
IV. NITROGEN DYNAMICS 606
V. NITROGEN BUDGETS 629
VI. NITROGEN AND THE PRODUCTIVITY OF ESTUARINE AND COASTAL MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 637
VII. SUMMARY 652
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 654
REFERENCES 654
Chapter 17. NITROGEN IN SALT MARSH ECOSYSTEMS 668
I. THE IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN IN SALT MARSHES 668
II. INPUTS, OUTPUTS, AND TRANSFORMATION OF NITROGEN IN SALT MARSHES 672
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 692
REFERENCES 692
Chapter 18. SYMBIOSES 698
I. INTRODUCTION 698
II. PARTNERS 700
III. PROCESSES 707
IV. CONCLUSIONS 712
REFERENCES 713
Chapter 19. THE NITROGEN RELATIONSHIPS OF MARINE MACROALGAE 718
I. INTRODUCTION 718
II. EVIDENCE THAT NITROGEN CAN LIMIT THE GROWTH OF MACROALGAE 721
III. THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON GROWTH OF MACROALGAE 725
IV. THE ACQUISITION OF NITROGEN BY MACROALGAE 729
V. NITROGEN POOLS AND STORAGE IN MACROALGAE 735
VI. EFFECTS OF NITROGEN ON THE METABOLISM AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MACROALGAE 738
VII. CONCLUDING REMARKS 740
REFERENCES 742
Chapter 20. NITROGEN DETERMINATION IN SEAWATER 750
I. INTRODUCTION 750
II. UNITS, NOMENCLATURE, AND PRECISION 751
III. DISSOLVED INORGANIC NITROGEN 755
IV. DISSOLVED ORGANIC NITROGEN 766
V. PARTICULATE NITROGEN 771
VI. CONCLUSIONS 772
REFERENCES 773
Chapter 21. NITROGEN IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT IV.2 USE OF ISOTOPES 782
I. INTRODUCTION 782
II. TRACER METHODOLOGY 784
III. APPLICATIONS 794
IV. VIOLATIONS OF TRACER ASSUMPTIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE 807
V. CONCLUSIONS 817
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 818
REFERENCES 819
Chapter 22. ASSAYS OF MICROBIAL NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS 828
I. INTRODUCTION 828
II. ISOTOPIC ASSAYS 830
III. SUBSTRATE ANALOGS AND INHIBITORS 833
IV. ENUMERATION OF BACTERIAL POPULATIONS 843
V. CONCLUSIONS 844
REFERENCES 846
Chapter 23. ENZYMOLOGY OF NITROGEN ASSIMILATION 858
I. INTRODUCTION 858
II. UPTAKE 861
III. REDUCTION 865
IV. HYDROLYSIS 872
V. AMMONIUM INCORPORATION INTO AMINO ACIDS 873
VI. THE APPLICATIONS OF ENZYME ASSAYS TO ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 880
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 881
REFERENCES 881
Chapter 24. ECOSYSTEM SIMULATION MODELS: TOOLS FOR THE INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF NITROGEN DYNAMICS IN COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 888
I. INTRODUCTION 888
II. MODELS AND MODELING 889
III. NITROGEN AND SIMULATION MODELS OF COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 894
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 906
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 907
REFERENCES 908
INDEX 912