Geomagnetism (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Geomagnetism 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 14
Contributors 6
General Preface 8
Preface to Volume 4 10
Contents of Volumes 1–3 12
Chapter 1. The Solar Wind 22
1 Introduction 22
2 Large-scale properties 23
3 Theory of coronal expansion 36
4 Microstructure of the solar wind plasma 48
5 Hydromagnetic fluctuations and discontinuities 61
6 Shock waves in the solar wind 76
Acknowledgements 90
References 90
Chapter 2. The Magnetosphere 108
1 Introduction 108
2 Magnetic-field configuration 110
3 Magnetospheric electric fields 135
4 Cold plasma 160
5 Plasma sheet and ring current 179
6 The aurora 200
7 Geomagnetically trapped radiation 223
8 Non-linear phenomena 277
Acknowledgements 301
References 302
Chapter 3. The Earth's Magnetopause 316
1 Introduction 316
2 Magnetopause location and shape 318
3 Magnetopause structure and transfer processes 321
4 Summary 346
Acknowledgement 347
References 347
Chapter 4. The Geomagnetic Tail 354
1 Observations 354
2 Theories 378
Acknowledgements 411
References 412
Chapter 5. The Neutral Upper Atmosphere 424
1 Structure of the upper atmosphere 424
2 Balance equations for mass, momentum and energy 433
3 Absorption of solar and particle radiation 441
4 Thermal balance and atmospheric temperature 448
5 Composition 459
6 Dynamics 466
7 Gravity waves 475
8 Atmospheric tides 485
References 499
Chapter 6. Geomagnetic Pulsations and Plasma Waves in the Earth's Magnetosphere 502
1 Introduction 502
2 A brief history 507
3 Classification schemes 508
4 Instruments and observational techniques 509
5 Waves in a magnetoplasma 510
6 Plasma waves and instabilities in the magnetosphere 520
7 Continuous plasma waves and pulsations in the low-frequency band (1–10 mHz) 532
8 Continuous plasma waves and pulsations in the mid-frequency band (0.01–0.1 Hz) 552
9 Continuous plasma waves and pulsations in the high-frequency band (0.1–10 Hz) 561
10 Impulsive plasma waves and pulsations 577
11 Epilogue 595
Acknowledgements 596
References 596
Appendix 612
Chapter 7. Physical Processes Producing Magnetospheric Substorms and Magnetic Storms 614
1 Introduction 614
2 What is a substorm? 620
3 The structure of the magnetosphere 642
4 Models of magnetospheric substorms 693
5 Important questions in substorm physics 740
References 745
Chapter 8. Auroras 762
1. Introduction 762
2. History 762
3. The spectrum of auroras 775
4. Auroral morphology 779
5. Auroral theory 807
References 815
Index 820