Gaseous Dielectrics III (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Gaseous Dielectrics III 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
PREFACE 6
CHAPTER 1. BASIC PHYSICS OF GASEOUS DIELECTRICS 16
ELASTIC SCATTERING DATA FOR ELECTRONS IN ATTACHING GASES 16
ABSTRACT 16
KEYWORDS 16
INTRODUCTION 16
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND FACTORS LIMITING DATA ACCURACY 17
DATA FOR ATTACHING GASES 18
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 20
REFERENCES 20
DISCUSSION 21
PRESSURE-DEPENDENT ELECTRON ATTACHMENT RATES IN PERFLUOROALKANES AND PERFLUOROPROPYLENE (1-C3F6) AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE BREAKDOWN STRENGTH OF THESE GASES 22
ABSTRACT 22
KEYWORDS 22
INTRODUCTION 22
ELECTRON ATTACHMENT STUDIES 23
BREAKDOWN MEASUREMENTS IN 1-C3F6 28
DISCUSSION 32
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 34
REFERENCES 34
DISCUSSION 36
MOBILITY AND RECOMBINATION OF IONS AND THE EFFECTIVE IONIZATION COEFFICIENT IN HEXAFLUOROPROPENE (C3F6) 38
ABSTRACT 38
KEYWORDS 38
INTRODUCTION 38
EXPERIMENTAL 39
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 42
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 45
REFERENCES 45
DISCUSSION 46
THE CONTROL OF BREAKDOWN AND RECOVERY IN GASES BY PULSED ELECTRON BEAMS 49
ABSTRACT 49
KEY WORDS 49
INTRODUCTION 49
DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENT 50
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 52
REFERENCES 53
DISCUSSION 54
ELECTRON ATTACHMENT IN FREON IN THE ABSENCE OF IONIZATION USING MIXTURES OF FREON AND INERT GASES 55
ABSTRACT 55
KEYWORDS 55
INTRODUCTION 55
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 56
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 57
REFERENCES 59
AN ANALYTIC FORMULATION OF ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION FROM TRANSPORT COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTRON SWARM 60
ABSTRACT 60
KEYWORDS 60
I INTRODUCTION 60
II SOLUTION TO BOLTZMANN EQUATION BY THE MULTIPLE COLLISIONS METHOD 61
III APPLICATION TO THE DETERMINATION OF f(v) WITH A CONSTANT COLLISION FREQUENCY 63
CONCLUSION 66
REFERENCES 66
CHAPTER 2. BASIC MECHANISMS: PREBREAKDOWN 68
STREAMER-TO-SPARK TRANSITION IN SHORT POINT-TO-PLANE GAPS 68
ABSTRACT 68
KEYWORDS 68
INTRODUCTION 68
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 68
ATTACHMENT RATE MEASUREMENTS 69
CRITICAL STREAMER ENERGY FOR SPARK TRANSITION 71
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 73
REFERENCES 73
DISCUSSION 74
ABOUT THE VALIDITY OF STREAMER MECHANISM IN COMPRESSED GASES 75
ABSTRACT 75
KEYWORDS 75
INTRODUCTION 75
TEST PROCEDURE 76
TEST CONDITIONS 76
PERFORMANCE OF THE MEASUREMENTS 76
RECONSTRUCTION OF PREDISCHARGE DEVELOPMENT 77
DISCUSSION 81
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 81
REFERENCES 81
DISCUSSION 82
CORONA STABILIZATION IN SF6-/N2- MIXTURES UNDER IMPULSE CONDITIONS 83
ABSTRACT 83
KEYWORDS 83
INTRODUCTION 83
EXPERIMENTAL 84
RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION 84
CONCLUSION 88
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 89
REFERENCES 89
DISCUSSION 90
CORONA AND BREAKDOWN IN COAXIAL-ELECTRODE GEOMETRY IN SF6 AND SF6/N2 MIXTURES 92
ABSTRACT 92
KEYWORDS 92
INTRODUCTION 92
EXPERIMENTAL 93
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 93
CONCLUSIONS 98
REFERENCES 98
DISCUSSION 99
A STUDY OF PREBREAKDOWN PROCESSES INFLUENCING THE VOLT-TIME CHARACTERISTICS OF GASEOUS INSULATION 101
ABSTRACT 101
KEY WORDS 101
INTRODUCTION 101
APPARATUS AED PROCEDURE 102
CURRENT PULSE SHAPES 102
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS 103
CONCLUSIONS 103
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 103
REFERENCES 103
DISCUSSION 106
MASS SPECTROMETRY OF LOW ENERGY IONS EXTRACTED FROM MEDIUM PRESSURE AIR CORONAS 107
ABSTRACT 107
KEYWORDS 107
INTRODUCTION 107
APPARATUS AND TESTING CONDITIONS 108
THE BLOCKING EFFECT AND THE SANDWICH EXTRACTION FOIL 108
SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF Al(Au), Mo AND SS EXTRACTION FOILS 109
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 111
REFERENCES 111
DC AND PULSE COMPONENTS OF POSITIVE CORONA CURRENT FROM TWO INTERACTING NEEDLES IN AIR 112
ABSTRACT 112
KEYWORDS 112
INTRODUCTION 112
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND TECHNIQUE 113
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 113
REFERENCES 115
CHAPTER 3. BASIC MECHANISMS: BREAKDOWN 118
NON-UNIFORM FIELD BREAKDOWN : ENGINEERING MODELS 118
ABSTRACT 118
KEYWORDS 118
INTRODUCTION 118
CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS I 123
CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS II 130
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 131
REFERENCES 131
DISCUSSION 132
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF ELECTRONEGATIVE GASES IN NON-UNIFORM FIELD : ROLE OF THE VIBRATIONAL EXCITATION 134
ABSTRACT 134
KEYWORDS 134
INTRODUCTION 134
EQUATIONS FOR THE DISCHARGE SIMULATION 135
ANALYSIS IN AIR 136
DISCUSSION 137
REFERENCES 138
DISCUSSION 141
PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF DC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE AND CURRENT FOR SF6 IN THE INHOMOGENEOUS FIELD 143
ABSTRACT 143
KEYWORDS 143
INTRODUCTION 143
EXPERIMENTAL 144
RESULTS 145
REMARKS 149
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 149
REFERENCE 149
DISCUSSION 150
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF SF6 IN DIVERGENT FIELD CONFIGURATION 151
ABSTRACT 151
INTRODUCTION 151
DESCRIPTION OF TEST FIXTURE AND ELECTRODES 151
DISCUSSION 153
CONCLUSION 155
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 155
REFERENCES 155
SPARKING POTENTIALS CALCULATED FROM THE ELECTRON - MOLECULE COLLISION PROPERTIES OF GASES 156
ABSTRACT 156
KEYWORDS 156
INTRODUCTION 156
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION 157
APPROXIMATIONS FOR CALCULATING THE BREAKDOWN POTENTIAL 158
APPLICATIONS TO THE CALCULATION OF a,. AND THE SPARKING POTENTIAL 158
REFERENCES 159
SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF LOW PRESSURE FLUORINE-CONTAINING GAS DISCHARGE 161
ABSTRACT 161
KEYWORDS 161
INTRODUCTION 161
EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS 161
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 162
CONCLUSIONS 165
REFERENCES 165
CHAPTER 4. NEW GASEOUS DIELECTRICS 166
TERNARY GAS DIELECTRICS 166
ABSTRACT 166
KEYWORDS 166
ALTERNATIVE GASES TO SF6 166
CHOICE OF THE COMPONENT GASES 167
REDUCTION OF THE PFC CARBONIZATION AND THE SF6 PRODUCT FORMATION PROBLEMS IN PFC, SF6 MIXTURES 168
IMPULSE BREAKDOWN CHARACTERISTICS 170
DC NONUNIFORM FIELD PROPERTIES 171
OPTIMIZATION OF THE DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF THE TERNARY GAS DIELECTRIC 175
DEW POINTS AND RELATIVE COSTS 176
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 176
REFERENCES 177
DISCUSSION 179
HIGH DIELECTRIC STRENGTH GAS MIXTURES COMPRISING SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE, CARBON MONOXIDE AND OCTAFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE 181
ABSTRACT 181
KEYWORDS 181
INTRODUCTION 181
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE 182
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 183
CONCLUSIONS 186
REFERENCES 187
DISCUSSION 188
HOMOGENEOUS FIELD BREAKDOWN STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME DIELECTRIC GASES 189
ABSTRACT 189
KEYWORDS 189
INTRODUCTION 189
APPARATUS 191
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 192
CONCLUSION 196
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 197
REFERENCES 197
IMPULSE BREAKDOWN IN SF6, SF6/N2 AND SF6/N2/PERFLUOROCARBON MIXTURES 198
ABSTRACT 198
KEYWORDS 198
INTRODUCTION 198
EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS 199
RESULTS 199
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 203
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 204
REFERENCES 204
A UNIFIED APPROACH FOR CALCUIATION OF BREAKDOWN VOLTAGES OF MIXTURES OF ELECTRON–ATTACHING GASES 206
ABSTRACT 206
KEYWORDS 206
INTRODUCTION 206
ANALYSIS 207
DISCUSSION 210
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 211
REFERENCES 211
CHAPTER 5. IMPULSE BREAKDOWN 214
PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF IMPULSE BREAKDOWN REQUIRING A PHYSICAL APPROACH 214
ABSTRACT 214
KEYWORDS 214
INTRODUCTION 214
SWITCHING IMPULSE WITH VERY LOW DISCHARGE PROBABILITY 214
EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC CHARACTERISTICS ON SPARKOVER VOLTAGES 217
LIGHTNING DISCHARGES TO OVERHEAD LINES 218
SPARKOVER VOLT TIME CURVES FOR AIR INSULATION IN THE MICROSECOND RANGE 220
LIGHTNING IMPULSE DIELECTRIC STRENGTH CIRCUIT - BREAKERS OF VACUUM 221
CONCLUSIONS 222
REFERENCES 222
DISCUSSION 223
CRITICAL AVALANCHE SIZE FOR IMPULSE BREAKDOWN IN QUASI-UNIFORM FIELD SF6 GAPS 225
ABSTRACT 225
KEY WORDS 225
INTRODUCTION 225
PROPOSED METHOD OF PREDICTING THE AVERAGE V-T CHARACTERISTICS OF A GAS GAP 226
DEFINITION OF THE CRITICAL AVALANCHE 226
DETERMINATION OF THE CRITICAL AVALANCHE SIZE 229
EVALUATION OF THE V-T CHARACTERISTICS 230
CONCLUSIONS 232
REFERENCES 232
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 232
DISCUSSION 233
TIME LAGS IN SF6 UNDER IMPULSE CONDITIONS 234
ABSTRACT 234
KEYWORDS 234
INTRODUCTION 234
CRITICAL VOLUME APPROACH - VON LAUE DIAGRAMS 235
OPERATING CONDITIONS 236
CONDITIONING EFFECT 236
SURVEY OF ELECTRON SOURCES IN STABILIZED GAS 238
VALIDITY OF THE CRITICAL VOLUME CONCEPT - COMPUTATION OF D 239
CONCLUSIONS 240
REFERENCES 241
DISCUSSION 242
PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE SWITCHING SURGE STRENGTH OF TRANSMISSION LINE AIR INSULATION 244
ABSTRACT 244
INTRODUCTION 244
BREAKDOWN MECHANISM 245
BREAKDOWN PARAMETERS 247
CRITICAL IMPULSE SHAPE 249
CONCLUSIONS 250
REFERENCES 250
DISCUSSION 251
AIR INSULATION BEHAVIOUR UNDER OSCILLATING IMPULSES 252
ABSTRACT 252
KEYWORDS 252
INTRODUCTION 252
EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 253
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 253
CONCLUSIONS 256
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 256
REFERENCES 256
POSITIVE SWITCHING IMPULSE BREAKDOWN OF SPHERE-PLANE GAPS IN DRY AND MOIST AIR 257
ABSTRACT 257
KEYWORDS 257
APPARATUS 257
OBJECTIVES 257
RESULTS 258
COMMENTS ON THE CARRARA-THIONE BREAKDOWN MODEL OF LONG AIR GAP DURING POSITIVE SWITCHING SURGES 259
ABSTRACT 259
KEYWORDS 259
INTRODUCTION 259
CARRARA'S DISCHARGE MODEL 259
DISCUSSION OF THE CRITERION OF EQUIVALENCE OF CRITICAL RADIUS Rc 261
DISCUSSION OF THE EQUIVALENT CRITERION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE LEADER PROPAGATING VOLTAGE OF ANY ELECTRODE ..l (COEFFICIENT ß) 263
EXAMPLE 263
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 264
CONCLUSIONS 264
REFERENCES 264
CHAPTER 6. TIME LAGS AND V-t CHARACTERISTICS 266
FORMATIVE TIME LAG IN SF6 AND N2 266
ABSTRACT 266
KEYWORDS 266
INTRODUCTION 266
TEST METHOD AND TEST PERFORMANCE 267
TEST RESULTS 267
DISCUSSION 270
REFERENCES 270
DISCUSSION 273
VOLTAGE-TIME CHARACTERISTICS OF BREAKDOWN IN SF6 274
ABSTRACT 274
KEYWORDS 274
INTRODUCTION 274
RESULTS 274
VOLTAGE-TIME CHARACTERISTICS FOR A 550 kV, 9 m LONG CGIT SYSTEM 279
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 280
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 280
REFERENCES 280
DISCUSSION 281
THE STATISTICAL TIME-LAG TO SPARK BREAKDOWN IN HIGH PRESSURE SF6 282
ABSTRACT 282
KEYWORDS 282
INTRODUCTION 282
THEORETICAL 283
EXPERIMENTAL 284
RESULTS 285
CONCLUSIONS 288
REFERENCES 288
DISCUSSION 289
STATISTICAL VOLTAGE-TIME CURVES OF AN SF6-INSULATED COAXIAL-CYLINDER GAP 291
ABSTRACT 291
KEY WORDS 291
INTRODUCTION 291
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND TEST PROCEDURES 292
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 292
CONCLUSIONS 296
REFERENCES 297
DISCUSSION 299
VOLTAGE-TIME CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLE-INITIATED BREAKDOWN IN SF6 GAS 300
ABSTRACT 300
INTRODUCTION 300
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 301
V-t CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS-GAP 302
V-t CHARACTERISTICS OF INSULATOR SURFACE 303
CONCLUSIONS 306
REFERENCES 306
DISCUSSION 307
CHAPTER 7. EFFECTS OF PARTICLES AND MATERIALS 308
THE INFLUENCE OF PARTI CULATE MATTER ON THE BREAKDOWN OF LARGE SPHERE-GAPS 308
ABSTRACT 308
KEYWORDS 308
INTRODUCTION 308
APPARATUS 309
RESULTS 309
VISUAL OBSERVATIONS 311
PHOTOGRAPHIC OBSERVATION 312
DISCUSSION 313
CONCLUSIONS 313
REFERENCES 314
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 314
ULTRASONIC DETECTION OF PARTICLE MOVEMENT AND PARTIAL DISCHARGES IN GAS INSULATED APPARATUS 315
ABSTRACT 315
KEYWORDS 315
INTRODUCTION 315
EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS 316
CONCLUSIONS 318
REFERENCES 319
DISCUSSION 320
FEASIBILITY STUDIES FOR IMPROVING GAS INSULATION BY COATING CONTAMINATING PARTICLES 322
ABSTRACT 322
KEYWORDS 322
INTRODUCTION 322
APPARATUS 322
PARTICLE COATING 323
PARTICLE TRAPPING 325
DISCUSSION 326
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 327
REFERENCES 327
DISCUSSION 329
IMPULSE BREAKDOWN OF SF6/N2 INSULATION. INFLUENCE OF ELECTRODE COVERING. POLARITY EFFECTS. 330
ABSTRACT1 330
KEYWORDS 330
INTRODUCTION 330
BREAKDOWN OF SF6/N2 MIXTURES, GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 331
EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS 331
CONCLUSIONS 335
REFERENCES 335
DISCUSSION 336
DETERIORATION OF EPOXY MOLD INSULATIONS DUE TO VOLTAGE ENDURANCE 337
ABSTRACT 337
KEYWORDS 337
INTRODUCTION 337
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 338
RESULTS 338
DISCUSSION 339
CONCLUSIONS 341
REFERENCES 341
INFLUENCE OF THE NATURE OF ELECTRODE MATERIAL ON THE PRODUCTION OF CORROSIVE SPECIES IN A CORONA DISCHARGE 342
ABSTRACT 342
KEYWORDS 342
INTRODUCTION 342
1. GENERALITIES 342
2. EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT AND PROCEDURE 343
3. RESULTS 344
4. DISCUSSION 345
4. CONCLUSION 345
REFERENCES 346
THE NEGATIVE POLARITY D.C. BREAKDOWN OF ROD/PLANE GAPS UP TO 1 MV, AS AFFECTED BY PROTRUSIONS FROM THE PLANE 347
ABSTRACT 347
KEYWORDS 347
INTRODUCTION 347
APPARATUS AND MEASURING TECHNIQUES 347
RESULTS 348
CONCLUSIONS 351
REFERENCES 351
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 351
CHAPTER 8. SURFACE FLASHOVER 352
SURFACE FLASHOVER OF GAS/SOLID INTERFACES 352
ABSTRACT 352
KEYWORDS 352
INTRODUCTION 352
LARGE ELECTRIC FIELDS ON COMPRESSED-GAS/SOLID INTERFACES 353
SENSITIVITY OF SURFACE FLASHOVER TO NEARBY PERTURBATION: FIELD-DRIVEN INCEPTION 354
SURFACE FLASHOVER MODEL 356
CONCLUSIONS 360
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 360
REFERENCES 360
DISCUSSION 362
PREDISCHARGE CURRENT MEASUREMENTS AND OPTICAL SURFACE FIELD MEASUREMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH INSULATOR SURFACE FLASHOVER 364
ABSTRACT 364
KEYWORDS 364
INTRODUCTION 364
EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT AND TECHNIQUES 365
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 366
SUMMARY 369
REFERENCES 369
DISCUSSION 370
DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE CHARGES ON EPOXY RESIN SPACERS STRESSED WITH DIRECT APPLIED VOLTAGES 371
ABSTRACT 371
KEYWORDS 371
INTRODUCTION 371
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 372
RESULTS 373
DISCUSSION 376
CONCLUSIONS 377
REFERENCES 377
DISCUSSION 378
CHARGE ACCUMULATION ON SPACER SURFACE AT DC STRESS IN COMPRESSED SF6 GAS 380
ABSTRACT 380
KEYWORDS 380
INTRODUCTION 380
EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND METHODS 381
CHARACTERISTICS OF ACCUMULATED CHARGES 382
DISCUSSION ON CHARGE ACCUMULATION 383
CONCLUSIONS 387
REFERENCES 387
DISCUSSION 388
ELECTROSTATIC FIELD EVALUATION BY THE ELECTROLYTIC TANK METHOD 389
ABSTRACT 389
KEYWORDS 389
INTRODUCTION 389
PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROLYTIC TANK ANALOG 389
EXPERIMENTAL 391
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 391
SUMMARY 393
REFERENCES 393
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 393
SURFACE DISCHARGE IN SF6 394
ABSTRACT 394
KEYWORDS 394
INTRODUCTION 394
EXPERIMENTAL 395
MEASUREMENT RESULTS 395
DISCHARGE MODEL 398
CONCLUSIONS 399
REFERENCES 400
CHAPTER 9. DECOMPOSITION, AGING, AND BIOENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 402
STUDIES OF SPARK DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS OF SF6 AND SF6/PERFLUOROCARBON MIXTURES 402
ABSTRACT 402
KEYWORDS 402
INTRODUCTION 402
APPARATUS 404
POSITIVE IONS IN SPARKED SF6 405
NEUTRAL DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS 407
REDUCTION IN CORROSIVE SF6 BY-PRODUCTS' 412
CONCLUSIONS 413
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 413
REFERENCES 413
DISCUSSION 415
CORONA-INDUCED DECOMPOSITION OF SF6 417
ABSTRACT 417
KEYWORDS 417
INTRODUCTION 417
MEASUREMENT METHOD 418
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 419
CONCLUSIONS 421
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 422
REFERENCES 423
DISCUSSION 424
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF SFß AND SFfc-AIR MIXTURES IN SUBSTATION ENVIRONMENTS 425
ABSTRACT 425
KEYWORDS 425
INTRODUCTION 425
EXPERIMENTAL 426
RESULTS 428
DISCUSSION 431
CONCLUSION 431
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 431
REFERENCES 432
DISCUSSION 433
IN VITRO TOXICITY SCREENING OF DIELECTRIC GASES USING MAMMALIAN CELLS 435
ABSTRACT 435
KEYWORDS 435
INTRODUCTION 435
MATERIALS AND METHODS 436
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 437
REFERENCES 440
DISCUSSION 441
ON THE APPLICATION OF SHORT TERM BIOTESTS TO HEALTH RISK ANALYSIS OF FLUORINATED COMPOUNDS 442
ABSTRACT 442
KEYWORDS 442
INTRODUCTION 442
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 443
RESULTS 443
DISCUSSION 444
REFERENCES 446
STUDY ON METAL FLUORIDE PRODUCTS FORMATION CAUSED BY THE ELECTRIC ARC IN SF6 448
ABSTRACT 448
KEYWORDS 448
INTRODUCTION 448
TEST RESULTS 449
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 451
REFERENCES 453
CHAPTER 10. STANDARDS AND TESTING 454
A WIDEBAND DIGITAL CORRELATOR FOR PARTIAL DISCHARGE LOCATION IN GIS 454
ABSTRACT 454
KEYWORDS 454
INTRODUCTION 454
TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR PARTIAL DISCHARGE LOCATION 455
BASIC CORRELATOR OPERATION 456
PARTIAL DISCHARGE LOCATION WITH THE CORRELATOR 457
FREE CONDUCTING PARTICLES 458
PARTIAL DISCHARGE LOCATION IN SUBSTATIONS (CROSS-CORRELATION) 458
REFERENCES 461
DISCUSSION 463
REMOTELY CONTROLLED SWITCHING OF HV SPARK GAPS WITH APPLICATION TO IMPULSE-SUPERIMPOSED AC TESTING 464
ABSTRACT 464
KEYWORDS 464
INTRODUCTION 464
HIGH VOLTAGE PULSE CIRCUIT 465
TRIGGERING CHARACTERISTICS 465
APPLICATION TO THE GENERATION OF COMBINED AC AND IMPULSE VOLTAGES 469
CONCLUSIONS 469
REFERENCES 470
FAST TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES IN GIS CAUSED BY THE OPERATION OF ISOLATORS 471
ABSTRACT 471
KEYWORDS 471
INTRODUCTION 471
TEST SETUP AND METHOD 472
TEST RESULTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FAST TRANSIENTS 473
COMPUTER ANALYSIS 475
IMPACT ON THE INSULATION COORDINATION OF GIS 476
CONCLUSIONS 478
REFERENCES 478
DISCUSSION 479
SELECTION OF H.V. TESTS OF SF6 INSULATED SYSTEMS FROM A PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL VIEWPOINT 481
ABSTRACT 481
KEYWORDS 481
CLASSIFICATION OF DEFECTS IN GIS 481
DISCHARGE PROCESS OF DISTURBED FIELDS 482
H.V. TESTS AND TEST EQUIPMENT 485
CONCLUSION 487
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 487
REFERENCES 487
DISCUSSION 488
CHAPTER 11. GAS-INSULATED EQUIPMENT 490
EXPERIENCES IN MAINTAINING THE QUALITY OF GAS INSULATED EQUIPMENT IN THE FIELD AND THEIR FEEDBACK TO THE DESIGN AND THE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES 490
ABSTRACT 490
KEYWORDS 490
INTRODUCTION 490
IMPROVEMENT OF RELIABILITY OF GAS INSULATED EQUIPMENT 491
EXPERIENCES IN THE INTERNAL INSPECTIONS OF GAS INSULATED EQUIPMENT 493
CONCLUSIONS 497
REFERENCES 497
DISCUSSION 498
EFFECT OF RESTRIKING SPARK ON DIELECTRIC STRENGTH TO GROUND IN A MODEL GAS INSULATED DISCONNECTING SWITCH 499
ABSTRACT 499
KEYWORDS 499
INTRODUCTION 499
MODEL GAP ARRANGEMENT 499
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 500
BREAKDOWN CHARACTERISTICS 500
DISCHARGE BEHAVIOR FROM RD TO BD 502
DISCUSSION 504
CONCLUSIONS 505
REFERENCES 505
DISCUSSION 506
77kV NEW TYPE ALL-IN-ONE SF, GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR 507
ABSTRACT 507
KEYWORDS 507
INTRODUCTION 507
STUDY FOR BASIC SPECIFICATIONS 507
DESIGN FEATURES OF THE A-GIS 510
CONCLUSION 513
REFERENCES 513
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 513
DISCUSSION 514
TRANSIENT BREAKDOWN IN SF6 GAS-IMPREGNATED POLYMER FILM STRUCTURES 515
ABSTRACT 515
KEYWORDS 515
INTRODUCTION 515
EXPERIMENTAL 516
RESULTS 516
CONCLUSIONS 520
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 521
REFERENCES 521
DISCUSSION 522
DEW POINTS OF SF6/N2 GAS MIXTURES 524
ABSTRACT 524
KEYWORDS 524
INTRODUCTION 525
EXPERIMENTAL 525
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 525
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 529
REFERENCES 529
DISCUSSION 530
PARTIAL DISCHARGE AND BREAKDOWN STUDIES IN MODEL GAS TRANSFORMER WINDINGS 532
ABSTRACT 532
KEYWORDS 532
INTRODUCTION 532
EXPERIMENTAL 532
RESULTS 533
CONCLUSIONS 536
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 536
REFERENCES 536
EFFECT OF GROUNDED ENCLOSURE ON THE FIELD DISTRIBUTION OF ROD-PLANE GAPS 537
ABSTRACT 537
KEY WORDS 537
INTRODUCTION 537
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 538
CONCLUSIONS 539
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 540
REFERENCES 540
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SF6 GAS-PRESSURIZED LAPPED-POLYPROPYLENE CABLE FOR EHV TRANSMISSION LINE 542
ABSTRACT 542
KEYWORDS 542
INTRODUCTION 542
INSULATING FILM 542
PARTIAL DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTIC 544
IMPULSE VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTIC 544
BENDING CHARACTERISTIC 546
275 KV CABLE 546
CONCLUSION 547
REFERENCES 547
SF6 THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES: ENGINEERING APPROACH 548
INRODUCTION 548
THE STATE AND SATURATION EQUATIONS 549
THERMODYNAMICAL CHARACTERISTICS 551
CONCLUSION 557
REFERENCES 557
CHAPTER 12. FORUMS 560
FORUM I: GAS-INSULATED EQUIPMENT 560
FORUM II: REQUIREMENTS FOR INSULATING GASES 567
APPENDIX: SUMMARIES OF SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION MEETINGS 576
COMMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF ELECTRON DETACHMENT IN INITIATING BREAKDOWN IN GASEOUS DIELECTRICS 576
REFERENCES 577
INFORMAL DISCUSSION ON SITE TESTING AND RELIABILITY OF METALCLAD SUBSTATIONS 579
DISCUSSION ON CHARGING AND FLASHOVER OF INSULATORS IN COMPRESSED GASES 581
MEASUREMENT OF CHARGES IN INSULATORS 581
EFFECT OF CHARGES ON INSULATOR 581
FLASHOVER INITIATION 581
SURFACE FLASHOVER 582
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 584
THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GASEOUS DIELECTRICS 584
PHOTOGRAPHS OF PARTICIPANTS 592
AUTHOR INDEX 598