Analytical Chemistry of the Condensed Phosphates (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Analytical Chemistry of the Condensed Phosphates 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Foreword 9
Preface 11
Acknowledgements 12
Chapter 1. General Properties of the Condensed Phosphates 14
Classification 14
Structure 15
Physical Properties 18
Chemical Properties 26
Stability in Solution: Degradation Products on Hydrolysis 31
Reaction with Metal Salts in Solution—Sequestering Action 45
References 47
Chapter 2. Gravimetric Methods 50
Heavy-metal Salts 50
Cobalt Complexes 57
Chromium Complexes 62
Other Metal Complexes 62
Organic Bases as Pre 
62 
References 63
Chapter 3. Titrimetric Methods 64
Titration of the Free Acids 64
Chain-length Determinations 65
Titration of Hydrion produced in Precipitation Reactions 74
EDTA Complexes 76
Thermometric Titrations 77
References 78
Chapter 4. Electrometric Methods (other than Potentiometry) 79
Amperometric Titrations 79
Conductimetric Titrations 81
Polarographic Methods 82
References 85
Chapter 5. Chromatographie Methods 86
Paper Chromatography 86
Thin-layer Chromatography "Adsorption" 101
Thin-layer Chromatography (ion exchange) 109
Electrophoresis 110
Ion Exchange Column Chromatography 111
Gel Filtration 116
References 119
Chapter 6. Automated Methods 121
Automated Ion Exchange 121
Automated Temperature Rise 134
Appendix 1: Automated Ion Exchange Computer Program Description 137
Reference 139
Chapter 7. Physical Methods other than Chromatography 140
Ultracentrifugation 140
Dialysis 141
Intrinsic Viscosity in Salt Solutions 141
Light Scattering in Salt Solutions 142
Flow Birefringenge 143
Anisotropy in Electrical Conductivity 144
Solubility Fractionation 144
Refractive Index 145
Temperature Rise Test 146
Infrared 149
X-ray Diffraction 159
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 171
References 178
Chapter 8. Methods for the Determination of Esters of the Condensed Phosphates 181
Determination of Tetra-alkylpyrophosphates 187
Determination of Tetra-arylpyrophosphates 195
Determination of Nucleotides containing Condensed Phosphates 196
References 198
Chapter 9. Modus Operandi 199
Preparation of Samples for Analysis 199
Qualitative Tests 202
Preferred Methods of Quantitative Analysis 205
References 210
Chapter 10. Preparation of Pure Samples 211
Orthophosphoric Acid 211
Orthophosphate 212
Pyrophosphate 213
Triphosphate 213
Sodium Trimetaphosphate 215
Sodium Tetraphosphate 215
Sodium Tetrametaphosphate 215
Sodium Hexametaphosphate and Sodium Pentametaphosphate 218
Sodium Octametaphosphate 219
Madrell's Salt-insoluble Sodium "Metaphosphate" 220
Graham's Salt—Sodium Polyphosphate Glass 221
Potassium Kurrol Salt—Insoluble Potassium "Metaphosphate" 222
References 222
Index 224