Applied Gamma-Ray Spectrometry (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Applied Gamma-Ray Spectrometry 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 12
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 14
INTRODUCTION 16
REFERENCES 18
CHAPTER 1. INTRINSIC VARIABLES 20
1. TYPES OF EMISSION AND DECAY SCHEMES OF UNSTABLE NUCLEI 20
2. INTERACTION PROCESSES OF RADIATION WITH MATTER 33
3. GAMMA-RAY DETECTORS 46
REFERENCES 48
CHAPTER 2. SCINTILLATION DETECTORS 50
1. PRINCIPLES OF SCINTILLATION 50
2. THE DETECTION OF SCINTILLATIONS 57
3. SODIUM IODIDE-THALLIUM ACTIVATED CRYSTALS 70
REFERENCES 86
CHAPTER 3. SEMICONDUCTOR GAMMA DETECTORS 88
1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 88
2. THE LITHIUM ION DRIFT PROCESS AND THE GERMANIUM-LITHIUM SYSTEM 100
3. FABRICATION OF LITHIUM DRIFTED DETECTORS 106
4. GERMANIUM-LITHIUM DRIFTED DETECTOR CHARACTERISTICS 122
5. OTHER SEMICONDUCTOR GAMMA DETECTORS 126
6. SILICON-LITHIUM DRIFTED DETECTORS 127
REFERENCES 127
CHAPTER 4. PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS AS SPECTROMETERS FOR LOW ENERGY APPLICATIONS 130
1. PROPORTIONAL GAS COUNTER 130
2. SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS WITH INTERNAL AMPLIFICATION 135
REFERENCES 136
CHAPTER 5. INSTRUMENTATION 138
1. AMPLIFICATION EQUIPMENT 139
2. ANALYZING EQUIPMENT 155
3. SPECIAL SPECTROMETER ARRANGEMENTS 169
4. DESIGN OF THE DETECTOR SHIELDING AND ANALYSIS OF THE SOURCES OF THE DETECTOR BACKGROUND 189
REFERENCES 193
CHAPTER 6. ENERGY AND TIME RESOLUTION 198
1. SCINTILLATION SPECTROMETER STATISTICS 199
2. ENERGY RESOLUTION OF GERMANIUM (LITHIUM) DETECTORS 210
3. ENERGY RESOLUTION OF THE PROPORTIONAL GAS COUNTER 219
REFERENCES 220
CHAPTER 7. CALIBRATION OF THE DETECTORS 222
1. COMPUTED EFFICIENCY OF SODIUM IODIDE DETECTORS 223
2. EXPERIMENTAL EFFICIENCY CALIBRATION OF SODIUM IODIDE DETECTORS 228
3. CALIBRATION OF GERMANIUM DETECTORS 238
REFERENCES 241
CHAPTER 8. GAMMA SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF IDENTITY, PURITY, AND QUANTITY OF RADIONUCLIDES 244
1. SOURCE PREPARATION 244
2. DETERMINATION OF IDENTITY AND ENERGY CALIBRATION 245
3. PURITY CONTROL AND EFFECTS COMPLICATING GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA 248
4. DETERMINATION OF THE PEAK AREA 252
5. LIMITS OF QUALITATIVE DETECTION AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION 253
6. DATA REDUCTION 255
REFERENCES 266
CHAPTER 9. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS 268
1. TRACER APPLICATIONS 269
2. ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 278
3. FISSION PRODUCT STUDIES 320
4. WHOLE-BODY COUNTERS, SCANNERS, AND SCINTILLATION CAMERAS 325
5. ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY SPECTROMETRY 328
REFERENCES 332
APPENDIX I. X-RAY CRITICAL ABSORPTION AND EMISSION ENERGIES IN KILO ELECTRON VOLTS 338
APPENDIX II. A COMPILATION OF GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA (SODIUM IODIDE DETECTOR) 344
APPENDIX III. A COMPILATION OF GAMMA-RAY SPECTRA (GERMANIUM DETECTOR) 492
APPENDIX IV. INTRINSIC EFFICIENCIES OF RIGHT CYLINDRICAL SODIUM IODIDE CRYSTALS 676
APPENDIX V. INTERNAL CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS 698
APPENDIX VI. PHOTON ENERGY, ATOMIC NUMBER, AND HALF-LIFE SEQUENCES OF THE NUCLIDES 702
APPENDIX VII. A COMPILATION OF PRECISE GAMMA-RAY ENERGIES OF ISOTOPES PRODUCED BY NEUTRON BOMBARDMENT 752
INDEX 772