Chemical Binding and Structure (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Chemical Binding and Structure 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 10
PREFACE 12
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 14
CHAPTER 1. THE OLD AND NEW QUANTUM THEORIES 16
PROTONS, NEUTRONS, ELECTRONS AND ATOMS 16
THE OLD QUANTUM THEORY AND ITS APPLICATION TO ATOMS 18
THE NEW QUANTUM THEORY —WAVE MECHANICS 25
THE WAVE EQUATION AND THE QUANTISATION OF MOMENTUM AND ENERGY 31
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OLD QUANTUM THEORY AND WAVE MECHANICS 36
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE WAVE PROPERTIES OF MATTER 37
CHAPTER 2. ELECTRONS IN ATOMS, AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 38
QUANTUM NUMBERS AND ENERGY LEVELS 38
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF ATOMS 47
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND THE HUND PRINCIPLE 52
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES AND THE PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION 60
CHAPTER 3. THE ELECTROVALENT BOND 71
GENERAL FEATURES OF ELECTROVALENCY 71
THE SIZE AND EASE OF FORMATION OF IONS WITH A RARE GAS CONFIGURATION 73
THE STABILITY OF ELECTROVALENT COMPOUNDS 84
OTHER SIMPLE CATIONS 91
CHAPTER 4. THE COVALENT BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY 96
GENERAL ASPECTS OF COVALENT BONDING 96
ORBITALS AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY 106
THE ELECTROSTATIC APPROACH TO MOLECULAR GEOMETRY 113
CHAPTER 5. THE DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRONS IN MOLECULES 118
MOLECULAR ORBITALS 118
RESONANCE 125
PARTIAL IONIC CHARACTER OF COVALENT BONDS 137
MOLECULAR POLARITY 143
THE HYDROGEN BOND 151
CHAPTER 6. COMPLEXES OF TRANSITION METALS ELECTRON-DEFICIENT COMPOUNDS
GENERAL FEATURES OF TRANSITION COMPLEXES 157
THE NATURE OF THE BONDS IN COMPLEXES CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY
METALLIC CARBONYLS AND SANDWICH COMPOUNDS 172
ELECTRON-DEFICIENT COMPOUNDS 176
CHAPTER 7. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS 182
THE STABILITY AND REACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS 182
ELECTRON-TRANSFER REACTIONS 187
PLATES 194
RATES AND EQUILIBRIA FOR ELECTRON-TRANSFER REACTIONS 206
PROTON-TRANSFER REACTIONS 214
ANALOGIES BETWEEN ELECTRON-TRANSFER AND PROTON-TRANSFER REACTIONS 221
A CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS 223
CHAPTER 8. STRUCTURE AND BONDING IN CRYSTALS 229
THE PACKING OF EQUAL SPHERES 229
SOME TYPICAL STRUCTURES 235
FORCES IN CRYSTALS 240
BOND TYPE AND COMPLEXES IN CRYSTALS 253
CHAPTER 9. FURTHER ASPECTS OF THE CRYSTALLINE STATE 263
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND EXTERNAL CRYSTALLINE FORM 263
CRYSTAL IMPERFECTIONS 264
SUBSTITUTIONAL SOLID SOLUTIONS 267
SOLIDS OF VARIABLE COMPOSITION AND IRREGULAR STRUCTURE 270
CHAPTER 10. THE OTHER STATES OF MATTER 281
THE GASEOUS STATE 281
LIQUIDS AND GLASSES 281
HIGH POLYMERS 287
SOLUTIONS OF NON-ELECTROLYTES 294
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES 295
THE ADSORBED STATE 298
CHAPTER 11. DIFFRACTION METHODS OF STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 302
THE PRINCIPLE OF DIFFRACTION METHODS 302
X-RAY DIFFRACTION BY CRYSTALS 305
NEUTRON DIFFRACTION 320
ELECTRON DIFFRACTION 321
CHAPTER 12. SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS OF STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 324
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 324
PURE ROTATION SPECTRA 327
VIBRATION-ROTATION SPECTRA 330
ELECTRONIC SPECTRA 334
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION AND COLOUR 337
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 343
NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE RESONANCE 356
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE 359
CHAPTER 13. MISCELLANEOUS METHODS OF STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 364
MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS 364
DIPOLE MOMENTS 366
THERMOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS 368
OPTICAL ACTIVITY 373
OTHER METHODS OF STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 387
BIBLIOGRAPHY 392
PROBLEMS 394
FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS 405
INDEX 408