Experimental and Comparative Toxicology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Experimental and Comparative Toxicology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 10
Chapter 1. Tumor Promotors and Genotoxic Chemicals in Short-Term Testing for Carcinogenicity 16
I. Introduction 16
II Complete and "Incomplete" Carcinogens 19
III. Acute and Chronic Toxicity 25
IV. New Testing Strategies 29
V. Conclusions 30
References 31
Chapter 2. The Significance of Preneoplastic Liver Lesions in Experimental Animals 36
I. Introduction 36
II. Significance of Preneoplastic Lesions 37
III. Characteristics of Altered Foci 40
IV. Induction of Altered Foci as a Means of Detecting Carcinogens 48
V. Enhancement of Altered Foci as a Means of Identifying Neoplasm-Promoting Agents 49
VI. Inhibition of Altered Foci as a Means of Identifying Anticarcinogens 53
VII. Conclusions 55
References 55
Chapter 3. Liver Tumors in Rodents: Extrapolation to Man 60
I. Introduction 60
II. Different Kinds of Liver Tumors 61
III. Etiological Factors for Hepatic Neoplasia in Man and the Availability of Animal Models 61
IV. Mortality from Primary Liver Cancer in England and Wales 66
V. Factors Other Than Test Chemicals Which Influence the Risk of Hepatic Neoplasia in Laboratory Rodents 67
VI. The Significance of Enzyme-Altered Foci in the Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Neoplasia 73
VII. The Prediction of Hepatocarcinogenic Risk for Man 75
VIII. Summary 75
References 81
Chapter 4. Neurobehavioral Toxicology: An Overview 84
I. Introduction 84
II. Neurobehavioral Toxicology: A Historical Perspective 88
III. Methods in Neurobehavioral Toxicology 91
IV. Corroborating Tests 100
V. Neurobehavioral Assessment of Neurotoxins: Past and Present 101
VI. Topics for Future Research 103
References 106
Chapter 5. Immunotoxicology 110
I. Introduction 110
II. Brief Anatomical and Physiological Considerations 111
III. Proposed Models for Immunotoxicity Assessment 114
IV. Conclusion 131
References 132
Chapter 6. The Endocrine System as the Target in Experimental Toxicology 136
I. Introduction 136
II. No-Hormonal-Effect Level 138
III. Practical Considerations 139
IV. Applied Techniques 142
V. Experimental Practice 151
References 162
Chapter 7. Uses of .-Glutamyltransferase in Experimental Toxicology 166
I. Introduction 166
IL Distribution of the Enzyme 167
III. Hepatic Induction and Hepatic Disturbances 169
IV. GGT and Experimental Carcinogenesis 173
V. Urine GGT in Experimental Kidney Toxicity 178
VI. Conclusion 180
References 181
Chapter 8. Predictive Value of Ocular Irritation Tests 188
I. Introduction 188
II. Tests Presently Used 189
III. Are Tests Presently Used Predictive? 192
IV. Can We Improve the Predictivity of the Tests? 199
V. Can We Develop Alternative Methods to the Use of Animals? 207
VI. Conclusions 208
References 208
Index 212