Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Surface Vibrations (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Surface Vibrations 4
Copyrigh Page 5
Table of Contents 6
PREFACE 10
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 12
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 14
1.1 General Remarks 14
1.2 A Comparison of Surface Vibration Spectroscopies 17
1.3 The Electron Energy Loss Method of Surface Vibrational Spectroscopy: Introductory Remarks 22
References 28
CHAPTER 2. INSTRUMENTATION 29
2.1 Physical Requirements of Spectrometers 30
2.2 Energy Dispersive Systems 33
2.3 The Analysis of the Cylindrical Deflector 36
2.4 Space-Charge Effects 47
2.5 Space-Charge Effects on the Cylindrical Deflector 53
2.6 Other Electrostatic Geometries 67
2.7 Background 70
2.8 Some Further Technical Aspects 72
References 75
CHAPTER 3. BASIC THEORY OF ELECTRON ENERGY LOSS SPECTROSCOPY 76
3.1 General Remarks 76
3.2 Small-Angle Inelastic Scattering by Dipole Fields 79
3.3 Bulk Losses in the Regime of Small-Angle Scattering 89
3.4 Surface Losses 102
3.5 The Impact Scattering Regime 115
3.6 Technical Remarks 133
References 138
CHAPTER 4. VIBRATIONAL MOTION OF MOLECULES ADSORBED ON THE SURFACE 140
4.1 General Remarks 140
4.2 Theory of the Vibrational Normal Modes of Adsorbed Molecules 148
4.3 Elements of Group Theory 165
4.4 Molecular Vibrations and Surface Point Groups 179
4.5 Some Principles in Mode Assignment 206
References 217
CHAPTER 5. VIBRATIONS AT CRYSTAL SURFACES ORDERED ADSORBATE LAYERS AND THE CLEAN SURFACE
5.1 General Remarks 219
5.2 Formal Description of the Vibrations of Ordered Adsorbate Layers on Crystals 220
5.3 The Study of Surface Phonons by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 270
5.4 Anharmonicity and Double Losses 281
References 286
CHAPTER 6. APPLICATIONS OF VIBRATION SPECTROSCOPY IN SURFACE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 288
6.1 General Remarks 288
6.2 Vibration Spectroscopy and the Determination of Adsorption Sites 289
6.3 Frequency Shifts 309
6.4. Overtones and Bond Energy 323
6.5 Chemical Analysis of Adsorbed Species 327
References 345
CHAPTER 7. OUTLOOK 349
References 354
APPENDIX A: EVALUATION OF THE FUNCTION P(Q||,.) FOR THE TWO-LAYER MODEL 355
References 358
APPENDIX B: VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SELECTED MOLECULES 359
References 365
APPENDIX C: CONVERSION OF FREQUENCY UNITS 366
Index 376