Radio Wave Propagation (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Radio Wave Propagation: Consolidated Summary Technical Report of the Committee on Propagation of the National Defense Research Committee 2
Table of Contents 8
FOREWORD 4
FOREWORD TO CONSOLIDATED EDITION 5
PREFACE 6
TECHNICAL SURVEY 12
PART I: SUMMARY 14
CHAPTER 1. STANDARD PROPAGATION 14
INTRODUCTION 14
POWER TRANSMISSION 14
CHAPTER 2. ELEMENTARY THEORY OF NONSTANDARD PROPAGATION 24
HISTORICAL 24
REFRACTIVE INDEX 24
TYPES OF . CURVES 25
RAY TRACING 25
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DUCTS 27
SURVEY OF WAVEGUIDE THEORY 28
REFLECTION FROM ELEVATED LAYERS 30
CHAPTER 3. METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS 31
INTRODUCTION 31
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ELEMENTS 31
THE WIRED SONDE 31
REFRACTIVE INDEX MEASUREMENTS 32
OTHER METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS 33
REPRESENTATIVE OBSERVED . CURVES 34
CHAPTER 4. TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS 38
BRITISH EXPERIMENTS 38
EXPERIMENTS AT THE EASTERN COAST OF THE U. S. 39
EXPERIMENTS IN NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA 44
EXPERIMENTS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES 47
EXPERIMENTS AT ANTIGUA 49
ANGLE-OF-ARRIVAL MEASUREMENTS 51
CHAPTER 5. GENERAL METEOROLOGY AND FORECASTING 52
ATMOSPHERIC STRATIFICATION 52
CONDITIONS OVER LAND 53
COASTAL AND MARITIME CONDITIONS 54
DYNAMIC EFFECTS 55
WORLD SURVEY 56
RADAR FORECASTING 57
CHAPTER 6. SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION OF MICROWAVES 58
ABSORPTION AND RADAR CROSS SECTION 58
AIRCRAFT TARGETS 59
SHIP TARGETS 59
ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING BY CLOUDS, FOG, RAIN, HAIL, AND SNOW 60
PART II: CONFERENCE REPORTS ON STANDARD PROPAGATION 66
CHAPTER 7. A GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF STANDARD COVERAGE CHARTS 66
CHAPTER 8. NOMOGRAPHIC SOLUTIONS FOR THE STANDARD CASE 68
CHAPTER 9. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF ERRORS IN RADAR DUE TO ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION 77
PURPOSE 77
PROCEDURE 77
APPLICATION TO GROUND RADAR EQUIPMENTS 77
CONCLUSIONS 79
CHAPTER 10. DIFFRACTION OF RADIO WAVES OVER HILLS 81
CHAPTER 11. SITING AND COVERAGE OF GROUND RADARS 84
INTRODUCTION 84
RADAR SYSTEMS 84
TOPOGRAPHY OF SITING 85
DIFFRACTION OF RADIO WAVES 90
PERMANENT ECHOES 102
THE CALCULATION OF VERTICAL COVERAGE 112
CALIBRATION AND TESTING 137
CHAPTER 12. VARIATIONS IN RADAR COVERAGE 140
BENDING 140
GUIDED PROPAGATION 142
METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS 144
CLOUD ECHOES IN RADAR 145
SUMMARY OF BASIC FACTS CONCERNING PROPAGATION AT RADAR FREQUENCIES 146
PART III: CONFERENCE REPORTS ON NONSTANDARD PROPAGATION 147
CHAPTER 13. TROPOSPHERIC PROPAGATION AND RADIO METEOROLOGY 147
FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPAGATION 147
ATMOSPHERIC STRATIFICATION AND REFRACTION 155
RADIO METEOROLOGY 165
SNELL'S LAW 177
CHAPTER 14. THEORETICAL TREATMENT OF NONSTANDARD PROPAGATION IN THE DIFFRACTION ZONE 179
CHAPTER 15. CHARACTERISTIC VALUES FOR THE FIRST MODE FOR THE BILINEAR . CURVE 181
CHAPTER 16. INCIPIENT LEAKAGE IN A SURFACE DUCT 186
CALCULATIONS FOR THE FIRST MODE OF THE BILINEAR MODEL 186
CALCULATIONS FOR THE SECOND AND HIGHER MODES OF THE BILINEAR MODEL 187
CHAPTER 18. ATTENUATION DIAGRAMS FOR SURFACE DUCTS 191
CHAPTER 19. APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF GUIDED PROPAGATION IN A NONHOMOGENEOUS ATMOSPHERE 194
CHAPTER 20. SOME THEORETICAL RESULTS ON NONSTANDARD PROPAGATION 196
PROPAGATION IN THE OCEANIC SURFACE DUCT 196
CHARACTERISTlC VALUES FOR A CONTINUOUSLY VARYING MODIFIED INDEX 196
CHAPTER 21. PERTURBATION THEORY FOR AN EXPONENTIAL . CURVE IN NONSTANDARD PROPAGATION 198
ABSTRACT 198
INTRODUCTIOIN 198
FORMAL SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM BY THE PERTURBATION METHOD 199
EVALUATION OF ßnm(.) AS AN INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 200
ITERATION METHOD OF SOLVING FOR THE CHARACTERISTIC VALUES Dk AND THE COEFFICIENTS 201
EXPANSION OF Dk INTO A POWER SERIES IN a 202
APPLICABILITY OF PERTURBATION METHOD TO A MORE GENERAL CLASS OF . ANOMALIES 202
COMPUTATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE EXPONENTIAL MODEL 203
CHAPTER 22. FIRST ORDER ESTIMATION OF RADAR RANGES OVER THE OPEN OCEAN 204
CHAPTER 23. CONVERGENCE EFFECTS IN REFLECTIONS FROM TROPOSPHERIC LAYERS 206
CONVERGENCE FACTOR 206
ROUGHNESS EFFECT 206
CONCLUSIONS 207
RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION EXPERIMENTS 208
PART I: METEOROLOGY 210
CHAPTER 1. METEOROLOGY—THEORY 210
MODIFICATION OF WARM AIR BY A COLD WATER SURFACE 210
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY 213
METEOROLOGY OF THE SAN DIEGO TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS 215
TABLES FOR COMPUTING THE MODIFIED INDEX OF REFRACTION, Mt 219
DIURNAL VARIATION OF THE GRADIENT OF MODIFIED . INDEX 232
DETERMINING FLUCTUATIONS IN REFRACTIVE INDEX NEAR LAND OR SEA 233
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES AND TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS 235
ANALYSIS OF DUCTS IN THE TRADE WIND REGIONS 236
CHAPTER 2. METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENT FOR SHORT WAVE 239
METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENT FOR PROPAGATION STUDIES 239
AUTOMATIC RECORDING OF METEOROLOGICAL SOUNDINGS 245
CHAPTER 3. METEOROLOGY—FORECASTING 248
FORECASTING TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION OVER MASSACHUSETTS BAY 248
RADAR PROPAGATION FORECASTING 250
APPLICATION OF FORECASTING TECHNIQUES AND CLIMATOLOGY 257
APPENDIX 269
PART II: MISCELLANEOUS EXPERIMENTS 272
CHAPTER 4. REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS 272
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT MEASUREMENTS AT THE RADIATION LABORATORY 272
EARTH CONSTANTS IN THE MICROWAVE RANGE 273
MEASUREMENTS OF THE REFLECTION COEFFICIENT OF LAND AT CENTIMETER WAVELENGTHS, CARRIED OUT AT NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY 281
CHAPTER 5. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING 282
ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING OF MICROWAVES BY THE ATMOSPHERE 282
K-BAND ABSORPTION — EXPERIMENTAL 305
ABSORPTION OF K-BAND RADIATION BY WATER VAPORS 306
K-BAND ATTENUATION DUE TO RAINFALL 308
ABSORPTION OF MICROWAVES BY THE ATMOSPHERE, BRITISH WORK 310
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND LOSS FACTOR OF LIQUID WATER AND THE ATMOSPHERE 310
LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES 315
CHAPTER 6. STORM DETECTION 316
STORM DETECTION BY RADAR 316
S-BAND RADAR ECHOES FROM SNOW 318
CHAPTER 7. ECHOES AND TARGETS 319
FLUCTUATIONS OF RADAR ECHOES 319
THE FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE OF SEA ECHO 323
THE DEPENDENCE OF SIGNAL THRESHOLD POWER ON RECEIVER PARAMETERS 325
RADAR SCATTERING OVER CROSS-SECTION AREA 329
ANGLE-OF-ARRIVAL MEASUREMENTSIN THE X BAND 331
CHAPTER 8. ANGLE-OF-ARRIVAL MEASUREMENTS 331
METEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ANGLE-OF-ARRIVAL MEASUREMENTS 332
THE PROPAGATION OF RADIO WAVES THROUGH THE STANDARD ATMOSPHERE 338
CHAPTER 1. PROPAGATION OF RADIO WAVES: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 340
FACTORS INFLUENCING PROPAGATION 340
FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS AND LIMITATIONS 340
SURVEY OF PROPAGATION 344
UNITS AND FREQUENCY RANGES 348
CHAPTER 2. FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS 349
THE ELECTRIC DOUBLET IN FREE SPACE 349
POWER TRANSMISSION, RECIPROCITY 352
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY 353
RADAR CROSS SECTION AND GAIN 355
CHAPTER 3. ANTENNAS 358
FUNDAMENTALS 358
STANDING-WAVE ANTENNAS 360
TRAVELING-WAVE ANTENNAS 366
ANTENNA ARRAYS 368
PABASITIC REFLECTORS AND DIRECTORS 373
PARABOLIC ELEMENTS 375
HORNS 376
CHAPTER 4. FACTORS INFLUENCING TRANSMISSION 377
REFRACTION 377
GROUND REFLECTION 383
DIFFRACTION (GENERAL SURVEY) 388
CHAPTER 5. CALCULATION OF RADIO GAIN 390
INTRODUCTION 390
PROPAGATION FACTORS IN THE INTERFERENCE REGION 396
PLANE EARTH 398
ILLUSTRATIVE CALCULATIONS FOR THE OPTICAL-INTERFERENCE REGION 407
ILLUSTRATIVE CALCULATIONS FOR THE OPTICAL-INTERFERENCE REGION 407
BELOW THE INTERFERENCE REGION 417
CHAPTER 6. COVERAGE DIAGRAMS 446
DEFINITIONS 446
PLANE EARTH 446
SPHERICAL EARTH 447
THE p-q METHOD (HORIZONTAL POLARIZATION) 449
LOBE-ANGLE METHOD (VERTICAL POLARIZATION) 458
GENERALIZED COVERAGE DIAGRAMS (HORIZONTAL POLARIZATION) 459
CHAPTER 7. PROPAGATION ASPECTS OF EQUIPMENT OPERATION 467
GENERAL PROBLEM 467
FREE SPACE —HIGH-ANGLE COVERAGE 469
LOW-ANGLE AND SURFACE COVERAGE 469
DATA ON EQUIPMENT 473
CHAPTER 8. DIFFRACTION BY TERRAIN 474
OUTLINE OF THEORY 474
DIGRESSION ON FRESNEL'S THEORY 478
DIFFRACTION BY HILLS 478
DIFFRACTION BY COASTS 481
CHAPTER 9. TARGETS 484
SCATTERING PARAMETERS 484
RADAR CROSS SECTION OF SIMPLE FORMS 485
AIRCRAFT 486
CHAPTER 10. SITING 487
GENERAL 487
TOPOGRAPHY OF SITING 487
GEOMETRICAL LIMITS OF VISIBILITY 488
PERMANENT ECHOES 490
EFFECT OF TREES, JUNGLE, ETC. 493
APPENDIX: TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS 494
GLOSSARY 525
APPENDIX: .IBLIOGEAPHY 527
BIBLIOGRAPHY 528
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REPORTS ON TROPOSPHERIC PROPAGATION REPORT WPG-14 543