Helium 4 (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Helium 4 6
Copyright Page 7
Table of Contents 8
PREFACE 10
PART 1 12
INTRODUCTION 14
REFERENCES 64
PART 2: ORIGINAL PAPERS 68
Chapter 1. Experimental Papers 68
E1. FURTHER EXPERIMENTS WITH LIQUID HELIUM 70
V. THE LIQUID DENSITY 70
E2. TWO DIFFERENT LIQUID STATES OF HELIUM 76
E3. SPECIFIC HEAT OF LIQUID HELIUM 83
E4. ON THE HEAT CONDUCTIVITY OF LIQUID HELIUM 100
REFERENCES 102
E5. HEAT CONDUCTION IN LIQUID HELIUM 103
REFERENCES 105
E6. NEW PHENOMENA CONNECTED WITH HEAT FLOW IN HELIUM II 106
REFERENCES 109
E7. VISCOSITY OF LIQUID 
110 
REFERENCES 113
E8. THE VISCOSITY OF LIQUID HELIUM 114
REFERENCES 121
.9· TRANSFER OF HELIUM II ON GLASS 122
REFERENCES 124
E10. THE STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER IN HELIUM II 125
1. INTRODUCTION 126
2. HEAT TRANSFER IN CAPILLARIES 128
3. PHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE HEAT TRANSFER 136
4. THE MOTION OF HELIUM IN A CAPILLARY PRODUCED BY A HEAT TRANSFER 137
5. THE MECHANISM OF HEAT TRANSFER IN HELIUM II 161
6. HEAT CONDUCTIVITY IN FREE HELIUM II 161
7. SUMMARY 162
REFERENCES 164
E11. A DIRECT OBSERVATION OF TWO KINDS OF MOTION IN HELIUM II 165
REFERENCES 176
E12. DETERMINATION OF THE VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION OF THE SECOND SOUND IN HELIUM II 177
INTRODUCTION 177
EXPERIMENTAL 181
CONCLUSIONS 196
REFERENCES 198
Chapter 2. Theoretical Papers 200
Tl. THE THEORY OF SUPERFLUIDITY OF HELIUM II 202
1. THE QUANTISATION OF THE MOTION OF LIQUIDS 203
2. THE ENERGY SPECTRUM OF A QUANTUM LIQUID 209
3. THE HEAT CAPACITY OF HELIUM 212
4. SUPERFLUIDITY OF HELIUM . AT ABSOLUTE ZERO 215
5. HELIUM II AT TEMPERATURES ABOVE ABSOLUTE ZERO 217
6. THE FLOW THROUGH CAPILLARIES 
225 
7. EQUATIONS OF THE 
231 
8. PROPAGATION OF SOUND IN HELIUM II 236
9. THE PROBLEM OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 240
REFERENCES 243
T2. RADIATION OF SOUND IN HELIUM II 245
REFERENCES 253
.3· ON THE THEORY OF 
254 
REFERENCES 257
T4. ON THE THEORY OF SUPERFLUIDITY 258
.5· APPLICATION OF QUANTUM 
279 
1. INTRODUCTION 279
2. SUMMARY OF THE THEORETICAL VIEWPOINT 280
3. LANDAUS INTERPRETATION OF THE TWO-FLUID MODEL 283
4. THE REASON FOR THE SCARCITY OF LOW ENERGY STATES 288
5. ROTONS 296
6. IRROTATIONAL SUPERFLUID FLOW 300
7. ROTATION OF THE SUPERFLUID 303
8. PROPERTIES OF VORTEX LINES 308
9. CRITICAL VELOCITY AND FLOW RESISTANCE 314
10. TURBULENCE 318
11. ROTONS AS RING VORTICES 321
REFERENCES 324
T6. KINETIC COEFFICIENTS OF HELIUM II 325
1. KINETIC EQUATION FOR THE ELEMENTARY EXCITATIONS IN 
325 
2. KINETIC COEFFICIENTS 332
APPENDIX 343
REFERENCES 345
T7. ON THE DERIVATION OF A FORMULA FOR THE ENERGY SPECTRUM OF LIQUID HE4 346
REFERENCES 347
Index 348