Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
CHAPTER 1. RECENT EVIDENCE CONCERNING THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH'S MANTLE 8
1. INTRODUCTION 10
2. PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF THE MANTLE 13
3. INTERPRETATION OF THE SEISMIC VELOCITIES IN THE MANTLE 20
4. SURFACE WAVE THEORY 35
5. DISPERSION RESULTS 90
REFERENCES 131
CHAPTER 2. THE APPLICATION OF TRACE ELEMENT DATA TO PROBLEMS IN PETROLOGY 140
1. INTRODUCTION 142
2. THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS OF TRACE ELEMENT BEHAVIOUR 143
3. AVERAGE ABUNDANCES OF ELEMENTS 147
4. GEOCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE ELEMENTS 148
5. APPLICATION OF TRACE ELEMENT DATA TO SPECIFIC PROBLEMS 193
REFERENCES 208
CHAPTER 3. FACTORS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TRACE ELEMENTS DURING THE CRYSTALLISATION OF MAGMAS 222
INTRODUCTION 224
1. FACTORS CONTROLLING THE DIADOCHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE TRACE ELEMENTS DURING THE CRYSTALLISATION OF MAGMAS 226
2. FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF NON-DIADOCHIC FORMS OF OCCURRENCE OF THE ORE ELEMENTS 247
REFERENCES 253
CHAPTER 4. SEISMIC SURFACE WAVES: SOME OBSERVATIONS AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 258
1. INTRODUCTION 260
2. INSTRUMENTAL DEVELOPMENT 261
3. FUNDAMENTAL MODE CONTINENTAL LOVE AND RAYLEIGH WAVE OBSERVATIONS 270
4. FUNDAMENTAL MODE OCEANIC LOVE WAVE OBSERVATIONS 278
5. FUNDAMENTAL MODE OCEANIC RAYLEIGH WAVE OBSERVATIONS 282
6. LONG-PERIOD LOVE AND RAYLEIGH WAVE DATA 286
7. HIGHER MODE SURFACE WAVES 289
8. SOME FUTURE WORK 317
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 318
REFERENCES 318
CHAPTER 5. SEA FLOOR RELIEF AND MANTLE CONVECTION 324
INTRODUCTION 326
ARE RISES TRANSIENT? 328
ARE RISES ASSOCIATED WITH EXCEPTIONAL HEAT? 331
HAVE CRUSTAL BLOCKS BEEN MOVED LATERALLY ON RISES? 340
WERE BLOCKS MOVED WHEN RISES EXISTED? 342
WERE BLOCKS MOVED AWAY FROM THE CREST? 349
DISTRIBUTION OF RISES 353
CONVECTION IN THE MANTLE 362
ARE OCEAN BASINS SWEPT CLEAN OR IS THE SEA FLOOR SPREADING? 365
CONCLUSIONS 371
REFERENCES 371
CHAPTER 6. PRESENT STATUS OF OCEANIC HEAT-FLOW MEASUREMENTS 374
1. INTRODUCTION 376
2. TECHNIQUES OF MEASUREMENT 377
3. DISTRIBUTION AND RESULTS OF HEAT-FLOW MEASUREMENTS 387
4. INDIAN OCEAN MEASUREMENTS 399
5. FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS 416
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 417
REFERENCES 417
CHAPTER 7. EXPERIMENTAL TECTONICS 420
1. INTRODUCTION 423
2. PRINCIPLES OF MODEL TESTS OF TECTONIC PHENOMENA 425
3. THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS AND EQUIVALENT MATERIALS 446
4. OPTICAL METHOD OF INVESTIGATION OF STRESSES IN MODELS 454
5. EXAMPLE OF MODEL TEST OF INTER-STRATAL DISLOCATIONS 460
6. EXAMPLES OF MODEL TESTS OF FOLDS 463
7. EXAMPLES OF MODEL TESTING OF DEFORMATIONS OF LARGE SECTIONS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST 492
8. EXAMPLES OF MODEL EXPERIMENTS ON TECTONIC FAULTS 495
9. CONCLUSION 503
REFERENCES 504
AUTHOR INDEX 511
SUBJECT INDEX 519
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES 523