Applications of Holography and Optical Data Processing (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Applications of Holography and Optical Data Processing 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 12
EDITORS PREFACE 16
OPENING SESSION 18
RECENT TRENDS IN HOLOGRAPHY AND OPTICAL DATA PROCESSING 20
SESSION I: IMAGE PROCESSING I 24
CHAPTER 1. HYBRID IMAGE PROCESSING 26
I. INTRODUCTION 26
II. EXAMPLES OF HYBRID PROCESSING 28
III. CONCLUSIONS 34
REFERENCES 34
CHAPTER 2. HYBRID OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC IMAGE PROCESSING 36
I. INTRODUCTION 36
II. DOUBLE APERTURE SCANNING 37
III. LASER SCANNING 38
III. PHASE VISUALIZATION 40
IV. CONCLUSIONS 41
REFERENCES 41
CHAPTER 3. IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION FROM A PARTIAL FOURIER TRANSFORM 44
INTRODUCTION 44
EXPERIMENTAL 45
MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLE 45
EXTENDED IMAGES 47
PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS 47
SUMMARY 51
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 51
REFERENCES 51
CHAPTER 4. CONTRIBUTION TO NUMERICAL HOLOGRAPHY: THREE DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS 52
DESCRIPTION OF THREE APPLICATIONS 52
APPLICATION TO MEMORIES :A"BRAIN-COMPUTED" HOLOGRAM 52
APPLICATION TO IMAGE RESTORATION 55
APPLICATION TO PATTERN RECOGNITION : FILTRE OPTIMISE UNIQUE DE TRANSCODAGE F.O.U.T. 57
REFERENCES 59
SESSION II: IMAGE PROCESSING II 60
CHAPTER 5. NOISE PROBLEMS IN OPTICAL IMAGE PROCESSING 62
1 - INTRODUCTION 62
2 - HOW TO COMPARE COHERENT AND INCOHERENT SYSTEMS 62
3 - WHAT IS A TRANSMITTANCE ? 64
4 - INFLUENCE OF FILM GRAIN NOISE ON THE OBSERVABLE TRANSMITTANCE 65
5 - INPUT FILM GRAIN NOISE AND IMAGE CONTRAST 67
6 - NOISE FLUCTUATIONS IN IMAGE PROCESSING 69
7 - CONCLUSION 71
8 - REFERENCES 72
CHAPTER 6. OPTICAL VIDEO RECORDING—WHY AND HOW 74
INTRODUCTION 74
GENERALITIES ON OPTICAL READOUT - SOME ORDERS OF MAGNITJDE - 74
VERTICAL TRACKING 78
RADIAL TRACKING 82
MAIN FEATURES OF THOMSON PLAYERS 85
CONCLUSION 86
REFERENCES 86
SESSION II: IMAGE PROCESSING III 88
CHAPTER 7. ON PERFECT IMAGE CORRECTION BY UNSHARP MASKING 90
1. Introduction 90
2. Linear Unsharp Masking 90
3. Multiplicative Masking 91
4. Complete Correction 92
5. Results of Computer Simulation 93
REFERENCES 96
CHAPTER 8. REAL TIME GRID CODING AND INTERLACING FOR IMAGE SUBTRACTION 102
INTRODUCTION 102
CODING AND INTERLACING PRINCIPLE 102
EXPERIMENTS 106
CONCLUSION 108
REFERENCES 108
SESSION IV: IMAGE PROCESSING IV 110
CHAPTER 9. OPTICAL FILTERING OF TEMPORAL FREQUENCIES AND RELATED VISTAS 112
INTRODUCTION 112
TEMPORAL RESPONSES AND FILTERING 112
TEMPORAL SPECKLE 115
FILTERING BY GENERAL DIFFRACTING PUPILS 116
METROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 117
FOURIER HOLOGRAPHY RELATED TO TEMPORAL FREQUENCY 118
3-D INFORMATION PROCESSING IN WHITE LIGHT 119
CONCLUSION 120
REFERENCES 121
CHAPTER 10. VOLUME HOLOGRAM REPRESENTATION OF SPACE-VARIANT SYSTEMS 122
INTRODUCTION 122
THE SAMPLING THEOREM APPROACH 123
THE PIECEWISE ISOPLANATIC APPROXIMATION (PIA) APPROACH 124
THE ORTHONORMAL RESPONSE APPROACH 125
IMPLEMENTATIONS 126
SUMMARY 129
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 129
REFERENCES 129
CHAPTER 11. INFORMATION CONTENT OF AN IMAGE 132
INTRODUCTION 132
FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM 132
DEGREES OF FREEDOM OF RADIATION 133
STATISTICS OF RADIATION AND INFORMATION 133
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 135
REFERENCES 135
CHAPTER 12. DECODING TECHNIQUES FOR USE WITH ANNULAR CODED APERTURES 136
INTRODUCTION 136
DECODING ALGORITHMS 136
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 143
SUMMARY 145
REFERENCES 145
SESSION V: INTERFEROMETRY 146
CHAPTER 13. ACHROMATIC FRINGES FROM EXTENDED SOURCES 148
INTRODUCTION 148
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS 154
CONCLUSION 155
REFERENCES 155
CHAPTER 14. APPLICATION OF AN INTERFEROMETRIC METHOD TO MEASURE SURFACE DEFORMATIONS IN SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING 156
INTRODUCTION 156
GRAZING INCIDENCE CONTOUR MAPPING - BASIC CONCEPT 157
CONCLUSION 162
REFERENCES 162
CHAPTER 15. EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS TO RESTORE SIGN AND VALUE OF THE PHASE IN CLASSICAL INTERFEROMETRY 164
INTRODUCTION 164
POSSIBLE PROCESSES FOR RESTORING THE INFORMATIONS 165
DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE 167
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS 169
CONCLUSION 172
REFERENCES 172
CHAPTER 16. INTERFERENCE SURFACE TESTING WITH QUARTER-WAVELENGTH SENSITIVITY 174
INTRODUCTION 174
PRINCIPLE OF THE MEASURING METHOD 175
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 180
CONCLUSION 183
REFERENCES 183
SESSION VI: HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY I 184
CHAPTER 17. QUANTITATIVE STRAIN MEASUREMENT THROUGH HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY 186
INTRODUCTION 186
SURFACE DISPLACEMENT, STRAIN, CHANGE OF CURVATURE 187
CALCULATION OF DISPLACEMENT VECTOR FROM FRINGES IN THE IMAGE 188
MEASUREMENT OF INTERFERENCE PHASE 190
SENSITIVITY FOR SURFACE STRAIN MEASUREMENT 192
PURE BENDING AND TORSION 192
CONCLUSIONS 194
REFERENCES 195
CHAPTER 18. TWO REFERENCE BEAM HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY FOR AERODYNAMIC FLOW STUDIES 200
SUMMARY 200
INTRODUCTION 200
DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD 200
CONCLUSION 209
REFERENCES 209
CHAPTER 19. NON-LINEAR EFFECTS IN HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY 210
INTRODUCTION 210
NON-LINEAR CHARACTERISTIC OF PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDINGS 210
SPECKLE STATISTICS FOR DIFFUSE OBJECTS 211
NON-LINEAR EFFECTS IN HOMODYNE INTERFEROMETRY 211
NON-LINEAR EFFECTS IN HETERODYNE DETECTION 219
CONCLUSIONS 221
REFERENCES 222
CHAPTER 20. ACCURACY AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF HETERODYNE HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY 224
ACCURACY AND STABILITY OF PHASE MEASUREMENT 224
ACCURACY AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF DEFORMATION MEASUREMENTS 226
CONCLUSIONS 227
REFERENCES 227
CHAPTER 21. USE OF HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY FOR STUDIES OF PHASE CHANGES IN HELIUM NEAR THE ABSOLUTE ZERO 230
INTRODUCTION 230
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 231
SOME RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS 232
CONCLUSION 233
REFERENCES 233
SESSION VII: HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY II 240
CHAPTER 22. AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT OF 3-D DISPLACEMENTS BY USING THE SCANNING TECHNIQUE IN DOUBLE EXPOSURE HOLOGRAMS* 242
INTRODUCTION 242
THEORY 242
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS 246
AUTOMATIC SET-UP 247
CONCLUSION 248
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 248
REFERENCES 248
CHAPTER 23. HOLOGRAM INTERFEROMETRY WITH A CONTINUOUSLY SCANNING RECONSTRUCTION BEAM 250
INTRODUCTION 250
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EVALUATION PRINCIPLE 251
3. EXPERIMENTS 253
4. CONCLUSIONS 255
REFERENCES 255
CHAPTER 24. MEASUREMENT OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL TEMPERATURE FIELDS BY HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY 258
INTRODUCTION 258
EXPERIMENT 260
CONCLUSIONS 264
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 265
REFERENCES 265
CHAPTER 25. INVESTIGATION OF CYLINDRICAL SYMMETRIC PHASE OBJECTS WITH HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY 268
INTRODUCTION 268
THE METHOD 269
CHAPTER 26. HOLOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS IN WATER SOLUTIONS: CRYSTAL GROWTH FROM SOLUTIONS 276
INTRODUCTION 276
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 277
MEASUREMENT OF THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT 282
REFERENCES 283
SESSION VIII: HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY III 284
CHAPTER 27. INTERFEROMETRIC INFORMATION 286
INTRODUCTION 286
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MOIRÉ OF TWO SETS OF SPHERES 287
DYNAMIC MOIRÉ 288
INTERFEROMETRY 288
MEASURING SYSTEMS 289
MOIRÉ SIMPLIFICATION RULES 290
FRINGES CAUSED BY OBJECT MOTIONS 293
APPENDIX I 293
APPENDIX II 294
References 295
CHAPTER 28. REAL AND NON-REAL TIME HOLOGRAPHIC NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING 296
INTRODUCTION 296
TEST SAMPLES AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 297
FHOTOCONDUCTOR-THERMOPLASTIC DEVICES 298
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 299
DISCUSSION 304
CONCLUDING REMARKS 305
REFERENCES 305
CHAPTER 29. MEASUREMENT OF THE AREA OF REAL CONTACT BETWEEN, AND WEAR OF, ARTICULATING SURFACES USING HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY 306
INTRODUCTION 306
DUAL INDEX HOLOGRAPHIC CONTOURING 307
MEASUREMENT OF THE AREA OF REAL CONTACT 311
EXPERIMENTAL 313
CONCLUSIONS 314
REFERENCES 315
CHAPTER 30. A HOLOGRAPHIC SHEARING INTERFEROMETER 316
INTRODUCTION 316
DESCRIPTION OF INTERFEROMETER 316
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 319
CONCLUSION 321
REFERENCES 321
CHAPTER 31. INTERFEROMETRIC METHODS FOR MEASURING THE DISTRIBUTION OF CURVATURE AND TWIST OF PLATES 322
INTRODUCTION 322
References 332
SESSION IX: SPECKLE PATTERNS 334
CHAPTER 32. PUPIL SIZE AND SPECKLE STATISTICS FOR A ROUGH METAL SURFACE 336
INTRODUCTION 336
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 337
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS 338
FRINGE VISIBILITY IN SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY 340
REFERENCES 340
CHAPTER 33. TWO DECORRELATED DIFFUSERS INTERFEROMETER 342
INTRODUCTION 342
INTERFERENCE PHENOMENON BETWEEN TWO DIFFUSERS 343
LATERAL TRANSLATION OF D 346
LONGITUDINAL TRANSLATION OF D 347
CONCLUSION 349
REFERENCES 349
CHAPTER 34. OBSERVATION AND EXPLANATION OF THE LOCALIZATION OF FRINGES FORMED WITH DOUBLE-EXPOSURE SPECKLE PHOTOGRAPH 350
INTRODUCTION 350
OBSERVATION 351
THEORETICAL EXPLANATION 353
DISCUSSION 355
REFERENCES 356
CHAPTER 35. LASER SPECKLE REDUCTION IN A TWO-STEP PROCESS 358
1. INTRODUCTION 358
2. THE TWO-STEP PROCESS 359
3. THE MOVING APERTURE TECHNIQUE 360
4. REAL-TIME SPECKLE REDUCTION 362
5. RANDOM APERTURES 363
6. EXPERIMENTS 366
7. DISCUSSION 367
REFERENCES 368
SESSION X: RECORDING MATERIALS 370
CHAPTER 36. VOLUME HOLOGRAM STORAGE IN IRON DOPED LiNbO3 CRYSTALS 372
INTRODUCTION 372
RECONSTRUCTIONS OF RECORDED IMAGES WITH GREY SCALE 373
SUPERIMPOSIONS OF THREE DIMENSIONAL HOLOGRAMS 373
COHERENT IMAGE SUBSTRACTIONS AND ADDITIONS 373
CONCLUSION 377
BIBLIOGRAPHY 377
CHAPTER 37. PHOTOREFRACTIVE RECORDING OF VOLUME HOLOGRAMS IN DOPED LiNbO3 378
INTRODUCTION 378
PHOTOREFRACTIVE RECORDING PRINCIPLES 378
MULTIPLE STORAGE OF VOLUME HOLOGRAMS 382
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 386
REFERENCES 386
CHAPTER 38. HOLOGRAM FORMATION MECHANISM IN SOME PHOTODIELECTRIC MATERIALS 388
INTRODUCTION 388
PREPARATION OF THE MATERIALS 389
RECORDING MECHANISM 390
DISCUSSION 394
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 395
REFERENCES 396
CHAPTER 39. HIGHEST SENSITIVITY MATERIALS FOR VOLUME HOLOGRAPHY: Bi12 SiO20 and Bi12Ge O20 398
INTRODUCTION 398
PHOTOSENSITIVE ELECTROOPTIC MATERIALS AND THE PHOTOREFRACTIVE EFFECT 398
CHARGE TRANSFER PROCESS IN BSO AND BGO CRYSTAL 399
VOLUME HOLOGRAM RECORDING 402
CONCLUSION 404
BIBLIOGRAPHY 405
CHAPTER 40. A SIMPLE MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR NEGATIVE PHOTORESIST BEHAVIOUR 406
INTRODUCTION 406
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL 406
EXPERIMENTAL DATA 410
CONCLUSION 414
REFERENCES 414
SESSION XI: HOLOGRAPHIC DEVICES & TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 41. WHITE-LIGHT TRANSMISSION/REFLECTION HOLOGRAPHIC IMAGING 418
Horizontal-Parallax-Only Imaging 418
Real Image Projection 419
Reduced-Information Real Image Projection 420
White Light Illumination 422
Image Brightness 423
Some Practical Considerations 423
Thick and Thin Holograms 424
Holographie Stereograms 425
Conclusions 425
References 426
CHAPTER 42. USE OF TRIHEDRAL REFLECTORS IN HOLOGRAPHY WITH A LOCAL REFERENCE BEAM* 428
INTRODUCTION 428
THE CONFIGURATION 429
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS 430
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 434
MODIFIED CONFIGURATION 436
CONCLUSIONS 436
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 436
REFERENCES 437
CHAPTER 43. KANJI CHARACTER GENERATION BY A HOLOGRAPHIC MEMORY SYSTEM 438
INTRODUCTION 438
PROPOSED SYSTEM AND ITS PERFORMANCES 439
CONCLUSION 443
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 443
REFERENCES 444
CHAPTER 44. A REAL TIME TWO COLOR INCOHERENT TO COHERENT PLZT IMAGE CONVERTER 446
INTRODUCTION 446
ICC CELL - PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 447
IMAGE CONVERTER - ICC CELLS MATRIX CONFIGURATION 450
CONCLUSION 450
REFERENCES 450
SESSION XII: DEVICES & TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 45. NETWORK METHODS FOR INTEGRATED OPTICS DEVICES 454
INTRODUCTION 454
THE NETWORK APPROACH 454
SIMPLIFIED NETWORK REPRESENTATION OF THE GRATING 457
APPLICATION TO BEAM COUPLERS 458
SURFACE-WAVE BLAZING 461
CONCLUSIONS 463
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 463
REFERENCES 463
CHAPTER 46. OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS USING SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVES* 464
INTRODUCTION 464
THEORY 464
EXPERIMENT 469
CONCLUSIONS 469
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 469
REFERENCES 472
CHAPTER 47. WAVEGUIDES AND GRATINGS BY OPTICAL METHODS 474
INTRODUCTION 474
REALIZATION OF INTEGRATED OPTICS ELEMENTS 475
PHOTORESISTS 480
CONCLUSION 482
REFERENCES 483
CHAPTER 48. IMAGING BY SAMPLING 484
INTRODUCTION 484
ANALYSIS 485
EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION 491
ALTERNATIVE CONFIGURATIONS 492
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 495
REFERENCES 495
CHAPTER 49. LIQUID CRYSTAL LIGHT VALVE FOR COHERENT OPTICAL DATA PROCESSING 496
DEVICE DESCRIPTION 497
LIQUID CRYSTAL CONSIDERATIONS - THE HYBRID FIELD EFFECT 500
DEVICE PERFORMANCE, EVALUATION AND RESULTS 505
CONCLUSIONS 513
REFERENCES 513
SESSION XIII: OPTICAL ELEMENTS 514
CHAPTER 50. APPLICATIONS OF HOLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURES AS OPTICAL ELEMENTS - X-RAY MICROSCOPY 516
REFERENCES 523
CHAPTER 51. COMPUTER-GENERATED HOLOGRAMS AS SPACE-VARIANT OPTICAL ELEMENTS 524
INTRODUCTION 524
COMPUTER-GENERATED FILTERS 524
SPACE-VARIANT ELEMENTS 525
EXAMPLES 526
COMMENTS 529
REFERENCES 529
CHAPTER 52. INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDY OF NEGATIVE PHOTORESISTS AND THEIR USE AS PHASE PROFILES MATERIAL FOR THE NIR 530
INTRODUCTION 530
RESULTS 532
CONCLUSION 535
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 537
REFERENCES 537
CHAPTER 53. HOLOGRAPHIC DIFFRACTION GRATINGS WITH ASYMMETRICAL GROOVE PROFILES 538
1. INTRODUCTION 538
2. BLAZE OF HOLOGRAPHIC GRATINGS 539
3. SUPERIMPOSED INDIVIDUAL SINUSOIDAL GRATINGS WITH INTERFEROMETRIC ADJUSTMENT 540
4. MATHEMATICS 540
5. EXPERIMENTAL REALIZATION 543
6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 545
SUMMARY 547
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 547
REFERENCES 547
SESSION XIV: PATTERN RECOGNITION 548
CHAPTER 54. COHERENT AND INCOHERENT AVERAGING OF ANCIENT HANDWRITTEN HEBRAIC CHARACTERS 550
INTRODUCTION 550
PATTERN RECOGNITION AND AVERAGING 550
OPTICAL METHOD OF OVERLAPPING 551
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 554
EXTENSION OF THE TECHNIQUE AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS 555
CONCLUSION 556
REFERENCES 556
CHAPTER 55. ONE-DIMENSIONAL FOURIER TRANSFORM FOR THE INSPECTION OF PHOTOMASKS 558
1. INTRODUCTION 558
2. THE BASIC PROCESS 558
3. DEFECT DETECTION IN PERIODIC STRUCTURES 560
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 560
5. CONCLUSION 564
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 564
REFERENCES 564
CHAPTER 56. NEW PROGRESS IN OPTICAL WRITING APPRAISAL APPLIED TO THE "DREYFUS AFFAIR" 566
INTRODUCTION 566
THE CONCEPT OF FORM FACTOR 566
SEARCHING FOR INVARIANTS 567
THE DOCUMENTS OF THE DREYFUS AFFAIR 568
RESULTS 569
RECENT ADVANCES 570
REFERENCES 571
SESSION XV: BIO-MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 572
CHAPTER 57. QUANTUM NOISE IN CODED APERTURE IMAGING 574
INTRODUCTION 574
PRINCIPLE OF CODED APERTURE IMAGING 575
S N R GENERAL EXPRESSION 576
PINHOLE IMAGING 577
CODED APERTURE IMAGING S N R 577
CONDITIONS ON INTERMEDIATE RECEPTOR 578
CONCLUSION 579
BIBLIOGRAPHIE 580
CHAPTER 58. IMAGE ENHANCEMENT FOR OBJECTS EMBEDDED IN SCATTERING MEDIA 582
INTRODUCTION 582
REFERENCES 588
CHAPTER 59. A REAL-TIME OPTICAL PROCESSOR FOR PATTERN RECOGNITION OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS 590
INTRODUCTION 590
OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION SYSTEM 591
ON-LINE COMPUTER HARDWARE/SOFTWARE CONFIGURATIONS 593
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 595
CONCLUSION 596
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 596
REFERENCES 596
CHAPTER 60. AN OPTICAL DIGITAL APPROACH TO THE PATTERN RECOGNITION OF COAL-WORKERS' PNEUMOCONIOSIS* 598
INTRODUCTION 598
AN OPTICAL-DIGITAL SYSTEM 599
FEATURE SELECTION AND CLASSIFICATION 604
CLASSIFICATION OF RADIOGRAPHS AND DATA BASE 607
CONCLUSIONS 608
REFERENCES 608
CHAPTER 61. HOLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF TYMPANIC MEMBRANE VIBRATIONS IN HUMAN TEMPORAL BONE PREPARATIONS USING A DOUBLE PULSED RUBY LASER SYSTEM 610
SUMMARY 610
INTRODUCTION 610
EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 611
PREPARATION 612
RESULTS 613
REFERENCES 619
SESSION XVI: MEASURING METHODS I 620
CHAPTER 62. REAL TIME SPECTRAL RECOGNITION BY MATCHED FILTERING IN INTERFERENTIAL SPECTROMETRY 622
A) BASIC PRINCIPLE OF THE SIMS 622
B) OPTICAL DATA PROCESSING ON THE SIMS 624
CONCLUSION 627
BIBLIOGRAPHY 627
CHAPTER 63. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY FOR REAL-TIME MULTICHANNEL OPTICAL SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 628
INTRODUCTION 628
OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE DEVICE 629
MULTIPLEXED ANALOG ADDRESSING 631
PROCESSING AND ADDRESSING ELECTRONICS 632
N.L.C. DISPLAY 634
OPTICAL SPECTRUM ANALYZER 635
RESULTS 636
CONCLUSION 639
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 640
REFERENCES 640
CHAPTER 64. PARAMETERS FOR A HOLOGRAM SPECTROGRAPH 642
INTRODUCTION 642
REFERENCES 649
CHAPTER 65. MEASUREMENT OF OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTIONS AND CORRECTION OF IMAGES IN SPECTROSCOPIC SYSTEMS 652
INTRODUCTION 652
LIGHT SOURCE EMITTING SINUSOIDAL SPECTRA 652
OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION DETERMINED FOR A PLANE-GRATING MONOCHROMATOR 655
CORRECTION OF SPECTRA BY MEANS OF OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 655
REFERENCES 657
SESSION XVII: MEASURING METHODS II 658
CHAPTER 66. APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHY IN CAVITATION AND FLOW RESEARCH 660
INTRODUCTION 660
DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP 661
FLUID FLOW OBSERVATIONS 663
CAVITATION STUDIES 667
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 669
REFERENCES 669
CHAPTER 67. ANGULAR DISTORTIONS IN REFLECTING SCANNING SYSTEMS 670
INTRODUCTION 670
GENERAL SOLUTION 670
CONCLUSION 677
REFERENCES 677
CHAPTER 68. LASER SCANNERS FOR DEFECT DETECTION 678
INTRODUCTION 678
DIFFRACTION PATTERN ANALYSIS 679
EXPERIMENT 681
LASER SCANNER FOR CYLINDER BORE INSPECTION 683
CONCLUSION 687
REFERENCES 687
SESSION XVIII: NON-OPTICAL HOLOGRAPHY 688
CHAPTER 69. DESIGN OF GLOW DISCHARGE PLASMA LAMPS FOR ECONOMIC REAL-TIME MICROWAVE HOLOGRAPHY 690
INTRODUCTION 690
GLOW DISCHARGE DETECTION OF MICROWAVE SIGNALS 692
CONCLUSIONS 699
REFERENCES 700
CHAPTER 70. IMAGING THROUGH ABERRATING MEDIA BY MEANS OF PHASE-MODULATED REFERENCE BEAM 702
INTRODUCTION 702
COMPENSATION OF THE ABERRATION BY MEANS OF MULTIPLICATION OF TWO HOLOGRAMS 703
COMPENSATION OP THE ABERRATION BY MEANS OP PHASE–MODULATED REFERENCE BEAM 706
CONCLUSIONS 711
REFERENCES 712
CHAPTER 71. HOLOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF ACOUSTIC RADIATION SOURCES 714
INTRODUCTION 714
THEORY 715
EXPERIMENT 718
CONCLUSION 721
REFERENCES 721
CHAPTER 72. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS OF MICROWAVE HOLOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF WATER WAVES 722
INTRODUCTION 722
HOLOGRAPHIC IMAGING BY FORWARD SCATTER 723
IMAGING WIND GENERATED WAVES 727
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 731
REFERENCES 733
AUTHOR INDEX 734
SUBJECT INDEX 736