Scanning Tunneling Microscopy II

1. Introduction.- 1.1 STM in Electrochemistry and Biology.- 1.2 Probing Small Forces on a Small Scale.- 1.3 Related Scanning Probe Microscopies.- 1.4 Nanotechnology.- References.- 2. STM in Electrochemistry.- 2.1 Principal Aspects.- 2.2 Experimental Concepts for Electrolytic STM at Potential-Controlled Electrodes.- 2.3 Electrochemical Applications of In Situ STM at Potential-Controlled Electrodes.- 2.4 Outlook.- References.- 3. The Scanning Tunneling Microscope in Biology.- 3.1 Instrumentation.- 3.2 Processing of STM Images.- 3.3 Preparation.- 3.4 Applications.- 3.5 Imaging and Conduction Mechanisms.- 3.6 Conclusions.- References.- 4. Scanning Force Microscopy (SFM).- 4.1 Experimental Aspects of Force Microscopy.- 4.2 Forces and Their Relevance to Force Microscopy.- 4.3 Microscopic Description of the Tip-Sample Contact.- 4.4 Imaging with the Force Microscope.- 4.5 Conclusions and Outlook.- References.- 5. Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM).- 5.1 Basic Principles of MFM.- 5.2 Measurement Techniques.- 5.3 Force Sensors.- 5.4 Theory of MFM Response.- 5.5 Imaging Data Storage Media.- 5.6 Imaging Soft Magnetic Materials.- 5.7 Resolution.- 5.8 Separation of Magnetic and Topographic Signals.- 5.9 Comparison with Other Magnetic Imaging Techniques.- 5.10 Conclusions and Outlook.- References.- 6. Related Scanning Techniques.- 6.1 Historical Background.- 6.2 STM and Electrical Measurements.- 6.3 STM and Optical Effects.- 6.4 Near-Field Thermal Microscopy.- 6.5 Scanning Force Microscopy and Extensions.- 6.6 Conclusion.- References.- 7. Nano-optics and Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy.- 7.1 Nano-optics: Optics of Nanometer-Size Structures.- 7.2 Experimental Work.- 7.3 Plasmons and Spectroscopic Effects.- 7.4 Imaging by SNOM.- 7.5 Discussion, Outlook, Conclusions.- References.- 8.Surface Modification with a Scanning Proximity Probe Microscope.- 8.1 Overview.- 8.2 Microfabrication with a Scanning Probe Microscope.- 8.3 Investigation of the Fabrication Process.- 8.4 Review of SXM Lithography.- 9. Recent Developments.- 9.1 STM and SFM in Electrochemistry.- 9.2 STM in Biology.- 9.3 Scanning-Force Microscopy.- 9.4 Nano-Optics and Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy: New Developments.- 9.5 Surface Modifications by Scanning-Probe Methods.- References.