Fluoroplastics, Volume 1 - Sina Ebnesajjad

Fluoroplastics, Volume 1 (eBook)

Non-Melt Processible Fluoropolymers - The Definitive User's Guide and Data Book

Sina Ebnesajjad (Autor)

eBook Download: PDF | EPUB

2014 | 2. Auflage
718 Seiten
Elsevier Science (Verlag)
978-1-4557-3200-5 (ISBN)

Fluoroplastics, Volume 1, compiles in one place a working knowledge of the polymer chemistry and physics of non-melt processible fluoropolymers with detailed descriptions of commercial processing methods, material properties, fabrication and handling information, technologies, and applications. Also, history, market statistics, and safety and recycling aspects are covered. Both volumes contain a large amount of specific property data which is useful for users to readily compare different materials and align material structure with end use applications. Volume 1 concentrates mostly on polytetrafluoroethylene and polychlorotrifluoroethylene and their processing techniques - which are essentially non-melt-processes - used across a broad range of industries including automotive, aerospace, electronic, food, beverage, oil/gas, and medical devices. Since the first edition was published many new technical developments and market changes have taken place and new grades of materials have entered the market. This new edition is a thoroughly updated and significantly expanded revision covering new technologies and applications, and addressing the changes that have taken place in the fluoropolymer markets. Fluoroplastics, Volume 1 is an all-encompassing handbook for non-melt processible fluoropolymers - a unique and invaluable reference for professionals in the fluoropolymer industry and fluoropolymer application industries.

Exceptionally broad and comprehensive coverage of non-melt processible fluoropolymers processing and applications.
Practical approach, written by long-standing authority in the fluoropolymers industry.
New technologies, materials and applications are included in the new edition.

Fluoroplastics, Volume 1, compiles in one place a working knowledge of the polymer chemistry and physics of non-melt processible fluoropolymers with detailed descriptions of commercial processing methods, material properties, fabrication and handling information, technologies, and applications. Also, history, market statistics, and safety and recycling aspects are covered. Both volumes contain a large amount of specific property data which is useful for users to readily compare different materials and align material structure with end use applications.Volume 1 concentrates mostly on polytetrafluoroethylene and polychlorotrifluoroethylene and their processing techniques - which are essentially non-melt-processes - used across a broad range of industries including automotive, aerospace, electronic, food, beverage, oil/gas, and medical devices.Since the first edition was published many new technical developments and market changes have taken place and new grades of materials have entered the market. This new edition is a thoroughly updated and significantly expanded revision covering new technologies and applications, and addressing the changes that have taken place in the fluoropolymer markets.Fluoroplastics, Volume 1 is an all-encompassing handbook for non-melt processible fluoropolymers - a unique and invaluable reference for professionals in the fluoropolymer industry and fluoropolymer application industries. Exceptionally broad and comprehensive coverage of non-melt processible fluoropolymers processing and applications. Practical approach, written by long-standing authority in the fluoropolymers industry. New technologies, materials and applications are included in the new edition.

Front
1
FM-HTU-01 3
FLUOROPLASTICS

4
Copyright 5
Dedication 6
Contents 8
2nd edition Acknowledgments 14
1st edition Acknowledgments 16
2nd edition Preface 18
1st edition Preface 20
PART
22
1 -
22
1.1
22
1.2
24
1.3
25
1.4
26
References 28
2 -
29
2.1
29
2.2
30
2.3
31
2.4
32
References 32
3 -
33
3.1
33
3.2
33
3.3
34
3.4
38
3.5
39
3.6
39
3.7
41
References 43
4 -
45
4.1
45
4.2
45
4.3
48
4.4
50
4.5
51
4.6
51
4.7
53
4.8
56
References 57
5 -
59
5.1
59
5.2
59
5.3
61
5.4
66
5.5
66
5.6
66
5.7
67
References 68
6 -
69
6.1
69
6.2
69
6.3
81
6.4
82
6.5
84
6.6
88
6.7
89
6.8
91
6.9
91
6.10
93
References 94
7 -
97
7.1
97
7.2
97
7.3
99
7.4
100
7.5
104
7.6
105
7.7
111
References 111
8 -
116
8.1
116
8.2
117
8.3
120
8.4
121
8.5
141
8.6
156
8.7
159
8.8
160
8.9
164
8.10
170
References 174
9 -
178
9.1
178
9.2
178
9.3
178
9.4
178
9.5
179
References 194
PART II 198
10 -
198
10.1
198
10.2
198
10.3
199
10.4
220
10.5
222
10.6
239
References 254
11 - Fabrication and Processing of Fine Powder Polytetrafluoroethylene 255
11.1 Introduction 255
11.2 Resin Handling and Storage 255
11.3 Paste Extrusion Fundamentals 257
11.4 Extrusion Aid or Lubricant 260
11.5 Wire Coating 263
11.6 Extrusion of Tubing 276
11.7 Unsintered Tape 286
11.8 Expanded PTFE Manufacturing 293
11.9 Fine Powder Resin Selection 297
References 298
12 - Fabrication and Processing of Polytetrafluoroethylene Dispersions 299
12.1 Introduction 299
12.2 Applications 300
12.3 Storage and Handling 300
12.4 Surfactants 301
12.5 Principles of Coating Technology 303
12.6 Dispersion Formulation and Characteristics 307
12.7 Glass Cloth Coating 310
12.8 Impregnation of Flax and Polyaramide 313
12.9 Coating Metal and Hard Surfaces 314
12.10 PTFE Yarn Manufacturing 315
12.11 Film Casting 316
12.12 Anti-drip Applications 317
12.13 Filled Bearings 318
12.14 Dedusting Powders 318
12.15 Other Applications 318
References 319
13 -
321
13.1
321
13.2
321
13.3
324
13.4
325
13.5
326
13.6
327
References 327
14 -
329
14.1
329
14.2
330
14.3
330
14.4
330
14.5
331
14.6
333
References 334
15
335
15.1
335
15.2
335
15.3
342
15.4
349
References 354
16 - Filled Fluoropolymer Compounds 357
16.1 Introduction 357
16.2 Granular-Based Compounds 357
16.3 Fine Powder-Based Compounds 367
16.4 Co-coagulated Compounds 371
16.5 Processing Compounds 374
16.6 Typical Properties of Filled Fluoropolymers 376
16.7 Nanocomposites of PTFE 383
16.8 Commercial Products 391
References 401
PART III 403
17 -
403
17.1
403
17.2
403
17.3
408
17.4
410
17.5
413
17.6
416
References 416
18 - Properties of Tetrafluoroethylene Homopolymers 417
18.1 Introduction 417
18.2 Crystallinity 419
18.3 Molecular Weight 421
18.4 Influence of Processing 424
18.5 Microstructure and Fracture of PTFE 428
18.6 Mechanical Properties 430
18.7 Fatigue Properties 436
18.8 Electrical Properties 443
18.9 Thermal Behavior 445
18.10 Flammability Characteristics 451
18.11 Irradiation Behavior 452
18.12 Surface Properties 453
18.13 Refractive Index 459
18.14 Standard Measurement Methods 459
References 459
19 -
462
19.1
462
19.2
462
19.3
463
19.4
464
19.5
464
19.6
465
19.7
469
19.8
469
19.9
469
19.10
469
References 473
20 -
474
20.1
474
20.2
474
20.3
476
20.4
477
20.5
479
20.6
481
References 481
21 -
482
21.1
482
21.2
482
21.3
484
21.4
485
21.5
487
21.6
488
21.7
489
21.8
491
21.9
492
21.10
496
21.11
498
21.12
499
22 -
500
22.1
500
22.2
500
22.3
500
22.4
501
22.5
502
22.6
506
22.7
506
22.8
507
References 508
Appendix 1: Chemical Resistance of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 509
PDL Resistance Rating 509
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 510
Appendix 2: Chemical Resistance of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 631
PDL Resistance Rating 631
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 632
Appendix 3: Permeability of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)**Source: L. W. McKeen, Permeability Properties of Plastics and E ... 671
3A.1 PTFE Homopolymer 671
Modified PTFE 676
References 677
Appendix 4: Permeability of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)* 678
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) 678
References 680
Appendix 5: Melt Creep Viscosity of Polytetrafluoroethylene 681
5A.1 Procedure 681
Glossary 683
References 712
Index 713

Production and Market Statistics

Abstract

Fluoropolymers are specialty plastics, an essential material in the human society for the foreseeable future of sophisticated, safe and cheaper industrial products. Fluoropolymers have unique properties including resistance to strongly aggressive chemicals and extreme hot and cold temperatures, which make them an immensely ubiquitous material all round the world. Specifically the discovery of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), the largest consumed fluoropolymer, has driven the trend towards using lightweight, anticorrosive, high-resistant plastics instead contrary metals. Sustained by new developments of products, applications, and processes, as well as strong demands in new markets, the demand is expected to grow further exponentially in the forthcoming future.

Keywords

Applications of PTFE; Fluoropolymers; Fluoropolymers as the future; Fluoropolymer consumption; Growing fluoropolymer market; Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

Fluoropolymers are specialty plastics and have experienced growth over the decades since the discovery of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in 1938. Fluorinated thermoplastics have grown into a large family of polymers based on tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride, and chlorotrifluoroethylene to name a few. PTFE has attracted the majority of consumption among all fluoropolymers in every industry either directly or indirectly.

The drivers of the growth have resided in the end-user applications, where the unique properties and performance capabilities of these polymers are required. Fluoropolymers have many unique properties including resistance to strongly aggressive chemicals and extreme hot and cold temperatures. Other characteristics of these plastics are good weatherability, outstanding electrical and thermal insulation, ultrahigh purity, and low coefficient of friction. Fluoropolymer parts are thus used in chemical processing, automotive and aerospace industries, medical devices, wire and cable insulation, semiconductor and microelectronics manufacturing, cookware and bakeware, industrial coatings, pharmaceutical and biopharmaceuticals to name a few.

The United States continues to be the market leader for consumption of fluoropolymers. Traditional uses of these plastics in chemical processing, cookware, bakeware and industrial coatings and medical devices continue growing in the US. The bulk of the growth of fluoropolymers in the late 2000s and 2010s come from fiber optic and wire and cable applications. Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), PTFE, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), and ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) are the fluoropolymers that are consumed by the wire and cables markets, though FEP and PVDF possess the largest volume in primary insulation and jacketing applications. Periodic economic downturns have forced the design engineers to sharpen their pencils and avoid overdesigning fluoropolymers. The availability of a variety of fluoropolymers has allowed the appropriate resin to be selected for each use. PVDF has had the fastest growth rate because of its fitness for use as a premium siding and roof coating in addition to other applications. A healthy construction sector always benefits PVDF handsomely.

Aside from the North American region, fluoropolymer consumption is anticipated to grow significantly in the developing economies primarily China and India. Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also continue to increase their consumption of fluoropolymers. The markets in Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, and Philippines are relatively small but continue to grow. Growth in fluoropolymer consumption in the European countries has historically lagged behind both those of North America and Asian regions. It is expected to grow at a faster rate than the US in the 2012–2017 period.

2.1. Growth of Fluoropolymers

According to a 2013 study,1 the global fluoropolymer market revenue was estimated to be $7.2 billion in 2013 and is anticipated to reach $9.8 billion by 2018, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 5.7% from 2013 to 2018. Asia-Pacific and North America regions dominate the global fluoropolymer market, collectively accounting for 71.1% of the global fluoropolymer demand in 2010. Asia-Pacific is expected to be the fastest growing market for the foreseeable future. The rapid growth of industry and the rise in the living standards has led to increasing demand from the economies of China and India.

The market for fluoropolymers is being driven by the expansion of existing application markets and the emergence of new markets.1 Fluoropolymers exhibit properties which are superior to those of other polymeric materials and rubber, making them ideally suitable for a wide range of applications, especially those which demand extreme environments, such as high temperature stability, high chemical resistance, superior dielectric properties, weldability, mechanical strength, etc.

The automotive and transportation industry is the largest end-use application for fluoropolymers.1 The growing trend toward lower vehicle weight, lower emissions, and enhanced fuel efficiency is expected to drive the consumption growth of fluoropolymers in this sector. The high sales growth of passenger cars in emerging markets such as China and India is also expected to boost the market. The electrical and electronics industry is the second largest application for fluoropolymers where they are increasingly being used in semiconductor fabrication, wire and cable insulation, lithium-ion batteries, jacketing, etc. Emerging new applications including photovoltaic modules, fuel cells, jacketing, lithium-ion batteries, etc., would also fuel the growth of the fluoropolymer market in the near future. The durable nature and excellent performance characteristics of fluoropolymers in harsh environments and demanding applications are expected to further help the market.

2.2. Regional Consumption of Fluoropolymers

Figure 2.1 indicates North America continues to dominate the global fluoropolymer market, accounting for 41% of the overall consumption in 2010. Asia-Pacific and Europe are the second and third largest fluoropolymers consuming regions, accounting for 30 and 21% of the overall market in 2010. North America is expected to lead the consumption of fluoropolymers because of sizable demand from a number of industries such as electrical, electronic, and automotive industries. In recent years Asia-Pacific has exhibited great demand for fluoropolymers. This trend is likely to continue as a result of the fast growing economies of China, India, and other Asian countries.

The cost of production of PTFE in China is relatively low as compared to the US and EU. China has the most abundant supply of fluorspar, which is the source of fluorine and main driver of fluoropolymers' cost. This preferential cost position is expected to entice both foreign and domestic manufacturers to construct PTFE production plants in China. The players in fluoropolymer industries are in pursuit of the Asia-Pacific region to enhance competitive position, market share, and profitability.

The United States accounted for 20% of the world consumption of PTFE in 2012 and 40% of the world consumption of other fluoropolymers. From 2012 to 2017, US consumption of PTFE will grow at 2.0% per year and consumption of other fluoropolymers is expected to grow at an average annual rate of about 3.3%.

About 67% of Western Europe's fluoropolymer consumption is PTFE. During 2012–2017, Western European consumption of PTFE is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 3.5%, while other fluoropolymers are expected to grow at an average annual rate of 6.8% during the same period.

Japan is increasingly specializing in fluoropolymers other than PTFE. Japanese fluoropolymer consumption is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 5.9% between 2012 and 2017.

China is the world's largest consumer of PTFE, with 36% of world consumption in 2012. China's production capacity and production of other fluoropolymers became significant in 2012.

Other countries currently producing fluoropolymers include India and Russia. PTFE is the only fluoropolymer produced in India but not in Russia. It is the dominant fluoropolymer traded and consumed in the rest of the world. Consumption of fluoropolymers in countries other than the United States, Western Europe, China, and Japan (rest of the world) accounted for about 12% of world fluoropolymer consumption. PTFE consumption in these countries will increase at an average annual rate of about 5% from 2012 to 2017.

Figure 2.1 Regional consumption of fluoropolymers in 2010. (ROW, rest of the world)1

2.3. Consumption of Fluoropolymers and PTFE

A 2011 study by the Global Industry Analysts, Inc.2 states the global market for PTFE is projected to exceed 240 000 tons by the year 2017. It cites the key factors driving the emerging market as: 1. opportunities in various end-use applications; 2. increasing demand from developing markets; and 3. advancements in processing technology. PVDF and FEP follow PTFE in consumption quantities followed by other fluoropolymers such as ETFE, polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), perfluoroalkoxy polymer (PFA), and PVDF. Figure 2.2 illustrates the breakdown of the consumption of various fluoropolymers.

A 2012 report by IHS3 describes PTFE as the dominant fluoropolymer, accounting for 58% (by weight) of world fluoropolymer consumption in 2012. Other fluoropolymers include...

Erscheint lt. Verlag	24.11.2014
Sprache	englisch
Themenwelt	Naturwissenschaften ► Chemie ► Technische Chemie
	Technik ► Bauwesen
	Technik ► Maschinenbau
ISBN-10	1-4557-3200-1 / 1455732001
ISBN-13	978-1-4557-3200-5 / 9781455732005

Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt?

PDF (Adobe DRM)
Größe: 51,9 MB

Kopierschutz: Adobe-DRM
Adobe-DRM ist ein Kopierschutz, der das eBook vor Mißbrauch schützen soll. Dabei wird das eBook bereits beim Download auf Ihre persönliche Adobe-ID autorisiert. Lesen können Sie das eBook dann nur auf den Geräten, welche ebenfalls auf Ihre Adobe-ID registriert sind.
Details zum Adobe-DRM

Dateiformat: PDF (Portable Document Format)
Mit einem festen Seitenlayout eignet sich die PDF besonders für Fachbücher mit Spalten, Tabellen und Abbildungen. Eine PDF kann auf fast allen Geräten angezeigt werden, ist aber für kleine Displays (Smartphone, eReader) nur eingeschränkt geeignet.

Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen eine Adobe-ID und die Software Adobe Digital Editions (kostenlos). Von der Benutzung der OverDrive Media Console raten wir Ihnen ab. Erfahrungsgemäß treten hier gehäuft Probleme mit dem Adobe DRM auf.
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen eine Adobe-ID sowie eine kostenlose App.
Geräteliste und zusätzliche Hinweise

Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.

EPUB (Adobe DRM)
Größe: 67,4 MB

Dateiformat: EPUB (Electronic Publication)
EPUB ist ein offener Standard für eBooks und eignet sich besonders zur Darstellung von Belletristik und Sachbüchern. Der Fließtext wird dynamisch an die Display- und Schriftgröße angepasst. Auch für mobile Lesegeräte ist EPUB daher gut geeignet.

Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.

Print-Ausgabe

Buch | Hardcover

299,95 €