Gas-Liquid-Solid Fluidization Engineering (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Gas-Liquid-Solid Fluidization Engineering 4
Copyright Page 5
Dedication 6
Table of Contents 8
Preface 18
Special Acknowledgments 21
Part I: Introduction 22
Chapter 1. Classification and Significance 24
1.1 Classification 24
1.2 Operating Modes for Fluidization Systems 27
1.3 Fixed Bed Systems Versus Fluidization Systems 30
1.4 Applications of Fluidization Systems 32
1.5 Scope of Parts II and III 42
1.6 Concluding Remarks 43
1.7 Nomenclature 43
1.8 References 43
Part II: Fundamentals 52
Chapter 2. Hydrodynamics of Cocurrent Upward Fluidized Bed Systems (Modes E-I-a-1 and E-I-b Figure 1.3)
2.1 General Bed Behavior in Mode E-I-a-1 54
2.2 Mechanics of Bubbles and Bubble Wakes in Mode E-I-a-1 96
2.3 Flow Models for Mode E-I-a-1 137
2.4 Hydrodynamic Behavior of Mode E-I-b 164
2.5 Concluding Remarks 165
2.6 Nomenclature 166
2.7 References 174
Chapter 3. Mass Transfer, Mixing and Heat Transfer of Cocurrent Upward Fluidized Bed Systems (Mode E-I-a-1 Figure 1.3)
3.1 Mass Transfer 184
3.2 Phase Mixing 209
3.3 Heat Transfer 231
3.4 Concluding Remarks 255
3.5 Nomenclature 257
3.6 References 264
Chapter 4. Slurry Bubble Column Systems (Modes E-I-a-2, E-III-a, and T-I-a-2 Figure 1.3)
4.1 Flow Regimes 272
4.2 Gas Holdup and Bubble Size Distribution 274
4.3 Critical Gas Velocity for Complete Solids Suspension 284
4.4 Liquid Flow Patterns 287
4.5 Phase Mixing 289
4.6 Flow Models 296
4.7 Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer 311
4.8 Liquid-Solid Mass Transfer 321
4.9 Heat Transfer 326
4.10 Concluding Remarks 333
4.11 Nomenclature 334
4.12 References 340
Chapter 5. Countercurrent (and Liquid-Batch) Fluidized Bed Systems (Modes E-II-a-1, E-II-a-2, E-II-b, and E-III-b Figure 1.3)
5.1 Turbulent Bed Contactor (TBC) 349
5.2 Inverse Fluidized Bed 389
5.3 Concluding Remarks 395
5.4 Nomenclature 396
5.5 References 400
Chapter 6. Miscellaneous Systems 404
6.1 Draft Tube Systems 404
6.2 Semifluidized Bed Systems 436
6.3 Annular Systems 441
6.4 Transport Systems 442
6.5 Concluding Remarks 459
6.6 Nomenclature 460
6.7 References 467
Part III: Applications 472
Chapter 7. Fermentation 474
7.1 Basic Processing Features 475
7.2 Immobilization Methods 477
7.3 Effects of Immobilization 486
7.4 Substrate Diffusivities in Immobilized Cell Systems 493
7.5 Bioreactor Applications 503
7.6 Optimum Design and Operation Considerations 514
7.7 Economics 526
7.8 Concluding Remarks 526
7.9 Nomenclature 527
7.10 References 529
Chapter 8. Aerobic Biological Wastewater Treatment 536
8.1 Early Work 537
8.2 Process Considerations 538
8.3 Bioreactor Performance 556
8.4 Concluding Remarks 594
8.5 Nomenclature 595
8.6 References 600
Chapter 9. Flue Gas Desulfurization and Particulate Removal 610
9.1 S02 Scrubbing 611
9.2 Particulate Collection 628
9.3 Concluding Remarks 636
9.4 Nomenclature 637
9.5 References 640
Chapter 10. Hydrotreating and Conversion of Resids 642
10.1 Processing Alternatives 643
10.2 Feedstock Characteristics 650
10.3 Chemical Reactions 655
10.4 Catalysts 673
10.5 Transport Properties, Design, and Operation of Ebullated Bed Reactors 680
10.6 Concluding Remarks 695
10.7 Nomenclature 696
10.8 References 699
Chapter 11. Miscellaneous Systems 704
11.1 Electrodes 704
11.2 Granulation and Adiponitrile Production 714
11.3 Calcium Bisulfite Acid Production 717
11.4 Sand Filter Cleaning 719
11.5 Crystallization 719
11.6 Flotation 723
11.7 Polymerization 728
11.8 Coal Gasification and Methanation 734
11.9 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 736
11.10 Methanol Synthesis 741
11.11 Concluding Remarks 744
11.12 Nomenclature 745
11.13 References 747
Appendices 754
A. Optimum Particle Size in Catalytic Reactors — An Example of Reactor Analyses for Modes E-I-a-1, E-I-a-2 and T-I-a-2 (Figure 1.3) 756
A.l A Brief Review of Reactor Models 756
A.2 A Catalytic Reactor Model 758
A.3 Model Parameters Used in Simulations 764
A.4 Simulation 765
A.5 Concluding Remarks 770
A.6 Nomenclature 771
A.7 References 772
B. SI Units Used for the Empirical Correlation Equations in This Book 774
Subject Index 776