Chemistry of Nitrogen (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Chemistry of Nitrogen 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
PREFACE 8
PART 19. NITROGEN 10
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 10
1.1. HISTORY 10
1.2. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION 11
1.3. PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL USE 12
1.4. NUCLEAR PROPERTIES 14
1.5. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE NITROGEN ATOM 22
1.6. TRENDS IN NITROGEN CHEMISTRY 24
1.7. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NITROGEN 35
1.8. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN 37
CHAPTER 2. ELEMENTAL NITROGEN 39
2.1. DISCOVERY AND HISTORY 39
2.2. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION 39
2.3. PRODUCTION OF NITROGEN 39
2.4. INDUSTRIAL USES OF NITROGEN 41
2.5. LABORATORY PREPARATION OF NITROGEN 43
2.6. PURIFICATION OF MOLECULAR NITROGEN 44
2.7. NUCLEAR ISOTOPES 14N2 , 14 N15 N , 15N2 44
2.8. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 45
2.9. MOLECULAR CONSTANTS 47
2.10. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 50
2.11. CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 50
2.12. ACTIVE NITROGEN 60
2.13. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES152 61
2.14. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY OF MOLECULAR NITROGEN153, 154 62
CHAPTER 3. AMMONIA 62
3.1. HISTORY OF AMMONIA 62
3.2. OCCURRENCE OF AMMONIA 63
3.3. PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA 63
3.4. USES OF AMMONIA 70
3.5. LABORATORY PREPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF AMMONIA 70
3.6. NUCLEAR ISOTOPES 15NH3, 14ND3 , 15ND3 71
3.7. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 71
3.8. MOLECULAR CONSTANTS 73
3.9. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA 75
3.10. CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA 76
3.11. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA 89
3.12. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY OF AMMONIA216 90
CHAPTER 4. AMIDES, IMIDES, AND NITRIDES 91
4.1. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS 91
4.2. METHODS OF PREPARATION 93
4.3. NUCLEAR ISOTOPES259 95
4.4. USES223.261 95
4.5. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 96
4.6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 101
4.7. CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 101
4.8. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY OF AMIDES, IMIDES AND NITRIDES2 7* 102
CHAPTER 5. AMMONIUM SALTS 102
5.1. OCCURRENCE2 72 , 273 102
5.2. PRODUCTION274 103
5.3. APPLICATIONS AND USES274281 104
5.4. LABORATORY PREPARATION 105
5.5. NUCLEAR ISOTOPES 15NH4 AND ND4 106
5.6. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 107
5.7. PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF THE AMMONIUM ION 108
5.8. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 109
5.9. CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 111
5.10. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES299 113
5.11. ANALYSIS OF AMMONIUM SALTS300 113
CHAPTER 6. HYDRAZINE 113
6.1. PRODUCTION 113
6.2. APPLICATIONS AND USES OF HYDRAZINE 116
6.3. LABORATORY PREPARATION OF HYDRAZINIUM SULPHATE, HYDRAZINE HYDRATE AND ANHYDROUS HYDRAZINE 117
6.4. NUCLEAR ISOTOPES 15N2H4 117
6.5. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 118
6.6. MOLECULAR CONSTANTS 120
6.7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 122
6.8. CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 122
6.9. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES302 127
6.10. ANALYSIS OF HYDRAZINE301.302 127
CHAPTER 7. HYDROXYLAMINE 128
7.1. PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL USE 128
7.2. LABORATORY PREPARATION OF HYDROXYLAMINE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS349 129
7.3. NUCLEAR ISOTOPES ND2OD350 130
7.4. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 130
7.5. MOLECULAR CONSTANTS 133
7.6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 133
7.7. CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS 135
7.8. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 138
7.9. ANALYSIS OF HYDROXYLAMINE343. 365 138
CHAPTER 8. HYDROGEN AZIDE AND AZIDES 139
8.1. PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL USE 139
8.2. LABORATORY PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN AZIDE AND AZIDES 140
8.3. NUCLEAR ISOTOPES OF HN3 AND AZIDES 142
8.4. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 144
8.5. MOLECULAR CONSTANTS 148
8.6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 150
8.7. CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 151
8.8. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES388 156
8.9. ANALYSIS OF AZIDES367 156
CHAPTER 9. NITROGEN-HALOGEN COMPOUNDS 157
9.1. CLASSES OF NITROGEN-HALOGEN COMPOUNDS 157
9.2. PREPARATION 158
9.3. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 164
9.4. MOLECULAR CONSTANTS 167
9.5. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 169
9.6. CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 169
9.7. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 179
9.8. ANALYSIS 179
CHAPTER 10. NITROUS OXIDE 179
10.1. PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL USE 179
10.2. LABORATORY PREPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF NITROUS OXIDE 180
10.3. NUCLEAR ISOTOPES OF N2O 181
10.4. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 181
10.5. MOLECULAR CONSTANTS 182
10.6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 183
10.7. CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 184
10.8. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 185
10.9. ANALYSIS OF NITROUS OXIDE459 186
CHAPTER 11. NITRIC OXIDE 186
11.1. PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL USE 186
11.2. LABORATORY PREPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF NITRIC OXIDES467 187
11.3. NUCLEAR ISOTOPES OF NITRIC OXIDE470 188
11.4. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 188
11.5. MOLECULAR CONSTANTS 190
11.6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 191
11.7. CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 191
11.8. ANALYSIS OF NITRIC OXIDE 197
CHAPTER 12. DINITROGEN TRIOXIDE 198
12.1. PREPARATION 198
12.2. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 199
12.3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 200
12.4. REACTIONS 202
12.5. ANALYSIS 203
CHAPTER 13. NITROGEN DIOXIDE AND DINITROGEN TETROXIDE 203
13.1. PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL USE 203
13.2. PREPARATION OF NO2/N2O4 204
13.3. NUCLEAR ISOTOPES OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE539 205
13.4. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 205
13.5. MOLECULAR CONSTANTS 211
13.6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 211
13.7. CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 213
13.8. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES570 218
13.9. ANALYSIS OF NO2–N2O4 571 218
CHAPTER 14. DINITROGEN PENTOXIDE 219
14.1. PREPARATION 219
14.2. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 220
14.3. MOLECULAR CONSTANTS 221
14.4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 221
14.5. REACTIONS 222
CHAPTER 15. NITROGEN TRIOXIDE 223
CHAPTER 16. HYPONITROUS ACID AND HYPONITRITES 225
16.1. PREPARATION 225
16.2. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 226
16.3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 227
16.4. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 227
CHAPTER 17. NITROUS ACID AND NITRITES 229
17.1. PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL USE 229
17.2. LABORATORY PREPARATION 230
17.3. NUCLEAR ISOTOPES OF NITROUS ACID AND NITRITES 231
17.4. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 231
17.5. MOLECULAR PROPERTIES 235
17.6. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 235
17.7. CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 235
17.8. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES635 238
17.9. ANALYSIS OF NITROUS ACID AND NITRITES636 238
CHAPTER 18. NITRIC ACID AND NITRATES 238
18.1. DISCOVERY AND HISTORY 238
18.2. OCCURRENCE OF NITRIC ACID AND NITRATES 239
18.3. PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL USE OF NITRIC ACID AND NITRATES 239
18.4. LABORATORY PREPARATION AND PURIFICATION 241
18.5. NUCLEAR ISOTOPES OF NITRIC ACID AND NITRATES 242
18.6. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 243
18.7. MOLECULAR CONSTANTS 244
18.8. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 246
18.9. CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NITRIC ACID 248
18.10. BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES693 250
18.11. ANALYSIS OF NITRIC ACID AND NITRATES694 250
INDEX 252
Contents of Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry 256
INDEPENDENT OPINION 258