Superheavy Elements (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Superheavy Elements 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 16
Preface 10
GREETINGS 20
SESSION I: OPENING OF THE SYMPOSIUM 22
CHAPTER 1. OPENING REMARKS 24
CHAPTER 2. WELCOMING ADDRESS 25
CHAPTER 3. U.S. SCIENCE—A CURRENT PERSPECTIVE 26
CHAPTER 4. OVERVIEW: HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE SEARCH FOR SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS 31
ABSTRACT 31
REFERENCES 41
DISCUSSION 42
SESSION II: SEARCHES FOR SHE AT ACCELERATORS 44
CHAPTER 5. ATTEMPTS TO PRODUCE SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS IN REACTIONS BETWEEN HEAVY NUCLEI 45
INTRODUCTION 45
EXPERIMENTAL 45
RESULTS: THE REACTION OF 136Xe WITH 238U 
47 
RESULTS: THE REACTION OF 238U WITH 238U 
47 
DISCUSSION OF THE 238U-ON-238U REACTION 51
OUTLOOK 52
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 53
REFERENCES 53
DISCUSSION 53
CHAPTER 6. RECENT SEARCHES FOR SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS AT THE SUPERHILAC 55
I. INTRODUCTION 55
II. EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS 57
III. CONCLUSIONS 61
REFERENCES 62
CHAPTER 7. EXPERIMENTAL PROSPECTS FOR THE SYNTHESIS AND DETECTION OF SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS 
63 
A. INTRODUCTION 63
B. DETECTION METHODS IN THE SEARCH FOR SHE 65
C. ALTERNATE PRODUCTION MODES FOR SHE 66
D. ESTIMATES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS VIA DEEP INELASTIC REACTIONS 70
E. THE DETECTION OF DIC PRODUCTS 71
F. CONCLUSION 73
REFERENCES 73
DISCUSSION 74
CHAPTER 8. NEW EXPERIMENTAL INSIGHTS INTO THE PRODUCTION OF SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS USING HEAVY ION REACTIONS 
76 
ABSTRACT 76
I. INTRODUCTION 76
II. COMPOUND NUCLEAR REACTIONS 77
III. DEEP INELASTIC TRANSFER REACTION 86
IV. CONCLUSIONS 89
REFERENCES 89
DISCUSSION 92
CHAPTER 9. PRODUCTION OF ACTINIDES BY SECONDARY REACTIONS IN THE BOMBARDMENT OF A TUNGSTEN TARGET WITH 24 GeV PROTONS 
93 
REFERENCES 100
DISCUSSION 101
CHAPTER 10. STUDY OF Au, Tl AND Pb SOURCES SEPARATED FROM TUNGSTEN TARGETS THAT WERE IRRADIATED WITH 24-GeV PROTONS. INDICATIONS FOR THE POSSIBLE PRODUCTION OF SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS 
102 
CHAPTER 11. NEUTRON MULTIPLICITY MEASUREMENTS FOR SPONTANEOUS FISSION OF Cf AND Fm ISOTOPES AND RELEVANCE TO NEUTRON EMISSION FOR SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS 
110 
ABSTRACT 110
INTRODUCTION 110
NEUTRON MULTIPLICITY MEASUREMENTS 110
NEUTRON EMISSION ACCOMPANYING SF OF SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS 114
COMPARISON OF DUBNA MULTIPLICITY DATA WITH KNOWN ACTINIDES 114
REFERENCES 121
SESSION III: QUEST FOR SHE IN NATURE 123
CHAPTER 12. Search for Superheavy Elements in Nature and in Heavy Ion Reactions 
124 
ABSTRACT 124
INTRODUCTION 125
CONCLUSION 136
REFERENCES 137
DISCUSSION 138
CHAPTER 13. OBSERVATION OF ANOMALOUS LONG-RANGE ALPHA PARTICLES AND THEIR POSSIBLE CONNECTION TO SUPERHEAVY MATTER 
139 
ABSTRACT 139
INTRODUCTION 139
REFERENCES 141
APPENDIX 142
CHAPTER 14. ARE ANY UNUSUAL RADIOHALOS EVIDENCE FOR SHE? 144
ABSTRACT 144
INTRODUCTION 144
GIANT HALOS IN MADAGASCAN MICA 144
GIANT HALOS IN THE SCANDANAVIAN MICAS 163
REFERENCES 173
DISCUSSION 174
CHAPTER 15. EXISTENCE OF LONG-RANGE a-PARTICLES IN NATURE 
176 
ABSTRACT 176
INTRODUCTION 176
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS 176
CONCLUSION 180
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 182
REFERENCES 182
DISCUSSION 183
CHAPTER 16. ANALYSIS OF A GIANT HALO MONAZITE INCLUSIONON THE HARWELL PROTON MICROPROBE 185
ABSTRACT 185
INTRODUCTION 185
METHODS 185
RESULTS 186
CONCLUSIONS 189
REFERENCES 189
DISCUSSION 190
CHAPTER 17. ALPHA PARTICLE STUDY OF MADAGASCAR MONAZITE FOR SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS 193
ABSTRACT 193
INTRODUCTION 193
MEASUREMENTS 193
CONCLUSIONS 196
REFERENCES 197
CHAPTER 18. LUNAR PAIAEOMAGNETISM AND EVIDENCE FOR SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS IN THE MOON 198
ABSTRACT 198
INTRODUCTION 198
REFERENCES 201
DISCUSSION 204
CHAPTER 19. MELTING THE MOON WITH SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS 205
ABSTRACT 205
PART I: INTRODUCTION 
205 
PART II: EVIDENCE FOR A MOLTEN MOON AND FOR A LUNAR MAGNETIC FIELD 206
PART III: THE KNOWN RADI0-ELEMENTS AND THE SPECULATIVE TRANSURANICS 
208 
CONCLUSION 210
REFERENCES 210
CHAPTER 20. SUPERGIANT HALOS IN MADGASCAR BIOTITE 212
REFERENCES 213
CHAPTER 21. COMMENTS ON THE RECENT REPORTS OF SH ELEMENTS IN METEORITES AND HOT SPRINGS EXTRACT 
218 
Neutron Systematics 218
Hot Springs Actinides 220
Conclusions 221
REFERENCES 221
CHAPTER 22. EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE EXISTENCE OF SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS IN ALLENDE ACID RESIDUES 225
REFERENCES 226
CHAPTER 23. A CRITICAL TEST OF THE SUPERHEAVY FISSION ORIGIN OF ANOMALOUS XENON IN ALLENDE 227
CHAPTER 24. A FUTURE EXPERIMENTAL TEST FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF SH ELEMENTS IN NATURE 228
Neutron Counting 228
Coincidence Plastic Track Detectors 229
Single Plastic Track Detectors 229
Conclusions 229
REFERENCES 230
DISCUSSION 232
CHAPTER 25. LONG-RANGE FISSION FRAGMENTS FROM RADIOGENIC LEAD 237
ABSTRACT 237
INTRODUCTION 237
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 238
RESULTS 239
ENERGY AND Z OF LONG-RANGE FISSION FRAGMENTS 242
DOUBLE TRACKS 245
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 245
CONCLUSIONS 247
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 247
REFERENCES 247
DISCUSSION 248
CHAPTER 26. A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR THE FORMATION OF BLEACHED, GIANT HALOES IN MADAGASCAN MICA 
249 
ABSTRACT 249
INTRODUCTION 249
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 249
DISCUSSION 251
FINAL REMARKS 254
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 255
REFERENCES 255
SESSION IV: THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS FOR SHE 257
CHAPTER 27. Prediction of SHE Half-Lives on the basis of a Single-Particle Potential 
258 
Introduction 258
The highlight of the preceeding developments 258
Later developments 261
The diffuseness problem 263
Is there a Z = 126 island? 265
Summary 265
Acknowledgements 265
CAPTIONS TO FIGURES 266
REFERENCES 291
DISCUSSION 292
CHAPTER 28. PRESENT STATUS IN THE HALF-LIFE PREDICTIONS FOR SHE 295
ABSTRACT 295
INTRODUCTION 295
SPHERICAL SHE 296
DEFORMED SHE 299
BUBBLE SHE 302
CONCLUSIONS 
302 
REFERENCES 302
DISCUSSION 304
CHAPTER 29. STABILITY OF SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS:ROTATION AND INTERNAL EXCITATION LIMITS 305
ABSTRACT 305
I. INTRODUCTION 305
II. METHODS OF CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE POTENTIAL ENERGY 306
III. RESULTS 310
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 314
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 315
REFERENCES 315
DISCUSSION 316
CHAPTER 30. A SELF-CONSISTENT ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO NON-LOCAL POTENTIAL AND SHELL STRUCTURE OF SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI 
317 
ABSTRACT 317
INTRODUCTION 317
THE POTENTIAL AND SOLUTION 318
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 321
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 
327 
REFERENCES 328
DISCUSSION 329
CHAPTER 31. ON THE MAGICITY OF THE NEUTRON NUMBER N - 228 330
I. INTRODUCTION 330
2. THE MAGICITY OF THE NEUTRON NUMBER N =228 
331 
3. FISSION DECAY PROPERTIES 333
4. ALPHA, BETA, ELECTRON-CAPTURE DECAY PROPERTIES 342
5. CONCLUSIONS 345
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 345
REFERENCES 346
DISCUSSION 347
CHAPTER 32. A COMMENT ON EXTRAPOLATED SINGLE PARTICLE SPECTRA FOR SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI 348
ABSTRACT 348
HISTORY 348
ON THE SPIN-ORBIT POTENTIAL 350
CONCLUSION 352
REFERENCES 359
DISCUSSION 360
CHAPTER 33. INFLUENCE OF VARIABLE NUCLEAR DENSITY DISTRIBUTION ON FISSION BARRIERS BETWEEN THE SADDLE AND THE SEISSION POINTS AND PREDICTIONS FOR SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS 
362 
ABSTRACT 362
I. INTRODUCTION 362
II. THE MODEL 363
IV. RESULTS 365
V. HALF-LIVES OF SUEERHEAVY ELEMENTS 366
VI. CONCLUSION 367
REFERENCES 368
DISCUSSION 382
CHAPTER 34. STABILITY OF SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS IN THE LIGHT OF SINGLE PARTICLE STATES OF THE ACTINIDES 
384 
ABSTRACT 384
INTRODUCTION 384
EXPERIMENTAL DATA 384
EXTRACTED LEVEL SCHEMES 387
SINGLE PARTICLE POTENTIAL 392
LEVEL SCHEMES FOR SHE 401
UNCERTAINTIES IN SHELL CORRECTIONS 401
CONCLUSIONS 406
REFERENCES 406
CHAPTER 35. SHELL-STRUCTURE OF 114 298 AND 126 354 WITH SOME SKYRME-FORCES 
408 
REFERENCES 410
CHAPTER 36. STATISTICAL THEORY OF FISSION AND SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS 411
ABSTRACT 411
INTRODUCTION 411
STATISTICAL THEORY OF FISSION 411
HIGH ENERGY FISSION AND QUASIFISSION 413
PROPOSED EXPERIMENT TO TRACK DOWN THE SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS 414
REFERENCES 415
SESSION V: ATOMIC PHENOMENA RELEVANT TO SHE 416
CHAPTER 37. ELECTRONIC SPECTRA IN SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS 417
ABSTRACT 417
REFERENCES 426
DISCUSSICN 426
CHAPTER 38. MODEL EXPERIMENTS WITH SHORT-LIVED NUCLIDES FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THE QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF NEW ELEMENTS 
428 
ABSTRACT 428
INTRODUCTION 428
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 430
REFERENCES 434
DISCUSSION 435
CHAPTER 39. X-RAYS AND POSITRONS FROM HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS 436
ABSTRACT 436
INTRODUCTION 436
QUASIMOLECULAR ASPECTS OF A COLLISION 436
VACANCY FORMATION IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS 437
X-RAY PRODUCTION IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS 439
POSITRON PRODUCTION IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS 442
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 445
POSTSCRIPT 446
REFERENCES 448
DISCUSSION 449
CHAPTER 40. A POSSIBLE X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY OF SUPERHEAVY QUASI-MOLECULES 450
ABSTRACT 450
1. INTRODUCTION 450
2. THE PROPERTIES OF THE 1so- AND 2pomin-ANISOTROPY SPECTRA 452
4. SUMMARY 459
REFERENCES 461
DISCUSSION 462
CHAPTER 41. POSSIBLE MUONIC TRANSITIONS AND X-RAY SPECTRA FROM SUPERHEAVY ELEMENT 
463 
INTRODUCT ION 
463 
TRANSITION ENERGY AND POTENTIAL 
463 
QUANTUM-ELECTRODYNAMICAL CORRECTIONS 
464 
REFERENCES 471
DISCUSSION 471
SESSION VI: MODELS AND TECHNIQUES PERTAINING TO SHE 472
CHAPTER 42. ALPHA-DECAY OF HEAVY AND SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI 473
ABSTRACT 473
INTRODUCTION 473
SOME METHODS AND PROBLEMS 474
UNIFIED REACTION THEORY 476
CALCULATIONS ON THE POLONIUM ISOTOPES 479
CALCULATIONS FOR SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI 483
CONCLUSION 485
REFERENCES 485
DISCUSSION 486
CHAPTER 43. EXACT CALCULATIONS FOR PENETRABILITY AND THE PREDICTION OF THE SPONTANEOUS FISSION HALF-LIVES OF SUPER-HEAVY EIEMENTS 
488 
ABSTRACT 488
INTRODUCTION 488
PENETRABILITY 488
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 499
REFERENCES 
499 
CHAPTER 44. FORMATION OF SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI BY HEAVY-ION FUSION 500
ABSTRACT 500
I. INTRODUCTION 500
II. MODIFIED-LIQUID-DROP MODEL 501
III. POTENTIAL ENERGY EFFECTS 503
IV. KINETIC ENERGY EFFECTS 507
V. DISSIPATIVE EFFECTS 507
VI. DYNAMICAL FUSION CALCULATIONS 510
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 514
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 515
REFERENCES 515
CHAPTER 45. FEASIBILITY STUDIES OF THERMONUCLEAR NEUTRON CAPTURE SYNTHESIS OF SHE 
516 
ABSTRACT 516
INTRODUCTION 516
REVIEW AND ANALYSIS 516
A NEW EXPERIMENT 518
CONCLUSION 518
REFERENCES 518
CHAPTER 46. SYNTHESIS OF SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS IN THE r-PROCESS 520
ABSTRACT 520
INTRODUCTION 520
ASTROPHYSICAL SITES FOR SHE NUCLEOSYNTHESIS 521
THE r-PROCESS 524
INFLUENCE OF NUCLEAR PROPERTIES 527
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 529
REFERENCES 533
DISCUSSION 534
CHAPTER 47. THE HELIUM-DRIVEN R-PROCESS AND POSSIBLE SUPERHEAVY ELEMENT PRODUCTION 536
INTRODUCTION 536
STELLAR EVOLUTION AND NEUTRON PRODUCTION 536
METHOD OF CALCULATION 538
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 538
REFERENCES 543
DISCUSSION 544
CHAPTER 48. SUPERHEAVY TOROIDAL NUCLEI 545
ABSTRACT 545
INTRODUCTION 545
BETA DECAY AND ALPHA DECAY 547
FISSION PROPERTIES OF TOROIDAL NUCLEI 549
SIGNATURES FOR THE DETECTION OF TOROIDAL NUCLEI 552
RELEVANCE TO HEAVY-ION DYNAMICS 553
REFERENCES 554
DISCUSSION 554
CHAPTER 49. ON A CHANCE OF SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI WITH BUBBLE GEOMETRY 555
ABSTRACT 555
INTRODUCTION 555
INCLUSION OF THE SHELL EFFECTS 558
REFERENCES 561
DISCUSSION 562
CHAPTER 50. POSSIBLE COSMIC RAY SUPERHEAVY EVENT 563
ABSTRACT 563
INTRODUCTION 563
LEXAN MEASUREMENTS 565
EMULSION MEASUREMENTS 566
CONCLUSIONS 575
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 576
REFERENCES 576
DISCUSSION 577
CHAPTER 51. CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF HEAVY AND SUPER-HEAVY ELEMENTS 578
CHAPTER 52. A More Exact Uncertainty Principle 585
ABSTRACT 585
INTRODUCTION 585
DERIVATION OF UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE 586
APPLICATIONS TO NUCLEI 587
NUCLEAR MODELS 588
REFERENCES 589
SESSION VII: FINAL PLENARY SESSION 590
CHAPTER 53. SUMMARY OF THE SYMPOSIUM 591
LIST OF REGISTRANTS 594
AUTHORS INDEX 599
SUBJECT INDEX 600