Advances in Liquid Crystal Research and Applications (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Liquid Crystal Research and Applications 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Part I: Amphiphilic 12
Chapter 1. Edge energy and pore stability in bilayer lipid membranes 14
I. INTRODUCTION 14
II. THEORY 18
III. EXPERIMENT 39
IV. CONCLUSION 47
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 47
APPENDIX I 48
APPENDIX II 50
APPENDIX III 53
REFERENCES 54
Chapter 2. The elasticity of protein–lipid bilayer membranes and its physiological significance 58
Introduction 59
Lateral Compressibility 60
Physiological Implications 64
Conclusion 66
Appendix 66
References 67
Chapter 3. Investigations on the influence of different amphiphilic substances on foam stability of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate 70
1. INTRODUCTION 70
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 70
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 72
4. DISCUSSION 75
REFERENCES 76
Chapter 4. An optical diffraction modeling discriminates between two viewpoints on phase transition in lipid–water systems 78
INTRODUCTION 78
MATERIALS AND METHODS 79
RESULTS 80
DISCUSSION 81
REFERENCES 84
Chapter 5. The change in the thermodynamic properties and structure of lecithine produced by ultra-violet radiation 86
INTRODUCTION 86
MATERIALS AND METHODS 87
RESULTS 87
DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED 91
REFERENCES 93
Chapter 6. Mossbauer spectroscopy of the cephalin+ SnCI4 system 96
REFERENCES 105
Chapter 7. Lyotropic mesophases studied by 31P-NMR 106
1. 31P - NMR 106
2. EXAMPLES 112
REFERENCES 117
Chapter 8. Laser Raman studies of lipid phase transitions in model membranes. The effect of ions on phosphatidylcholine multilayers 118
INTRODUCTION 118
MATERIALS AND METHODS 119
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 119
REFERENCES 123
Chapter 9. Static field induced phase transitions in lipid bilayers and their role in the regulation of transport processes 124
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 128
REFERENCES 128
Part II: Mesomorphic Polymers 130
Chapter 10. Structure and properties of rigid-chain polymer molecules in solutions 132
REFERENCES 160
Chapter 11. Nematic polymeric structures 164
INTRODUCTION 164
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEMATIC STRUCTURE 165
NEMATIC STATE OF THE rtACROMOLECULES 167
REFERENCES 183
Chapter 12. Structure of thermotropic smectic polymers 188
REFERENCES 213
Chapter 13. Conditions of formation of liquid-crystalline state in cholesterol-containing polymers 218
LITERATURE CITED 230
Chapter 14. Influence of the structure of mesogenic groups on the structure and dielectric properties of the comb-like liquid crystalline azomethyne-containing polymers 234
REFERENCES 243
Chapter 15. Polymer mesophases. Studies on the smectic–isotropic transition of poly- (-p-biphenylyl aerylate) 244
Introduction 244
Experimental 246
References 261
Chapter 16. Structural features of liquid crystalline state of poly-p-(meth)-acryloyloxy p-n-pentyloxy azobenzenes in terms of X-ray evidence and Fourier analysis of intensity curves 262
INTRODUCTION 262
EXPERIMENTS 263
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 265
REFERENCES 276
Chapter 17. Liquid crystalline behaviour of polymers on the basis of p-butyloxyphenyl p-hydroxybenzoate depending on the nature of the polymer main chain and length of the spacer group 278
INTRODUCTION 278
EXPERIMENTAL 279
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 281
REFERENCES 287
Part III: Synthesis 290
Chapter 18. Advances in synthesis of mesogens 292
1. SMECTIC POLYMORPHISM 293
2. SMECTIC A LIQUID CRYSTALS 297
3. FERROELECTRIC LIQUID CRYSTALS 299
4. LIQUID CRYSTALS CONTAINING HYDROGENATED CYCLES 300
5. DISK-LIKE LIQUID CRYSTALS 305
CONCLUSION 306
REFERENCES 306
Chapter 19. Synthesis and mesomorphism of p-fluoroalkyl(alkoxy)benzoic esters 310
1. INTRODUCTION 310
2. EXPERIMENTAL 311
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 311
REFERENCES 314
Chapter 20. Liquid crystalline compounds containing hydrogenated six-membered heterocyclic rings 316
INTRODUCTION 316
EXPERIMENTAL 317
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 319
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 321
REFERENCES 321
Chapter 21. Synthesis and study of new liquid crystal addends 322
REFERENCES 324
Chapter 22. Liquid crystalline pyridine derivatives 326
INTRODUCTION 326
EXPERIMENTAL 327
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 328
REFERENCES 331
Chapter 23. Liquid crystalline 4H-3,1-benzoxazine-4-ones 334
INTRODUCTION 334
EXPERIMENTAL 336
Chapter 24. Chiral nematic tolans 338
REFERENCES 341
Chapter 25. Polyfluoro-substituted liquid crystals 342
INTRODUCTION 342
EXPERIMENTAL 345
REFERENCES 347
Chapter 26. Acetylenic liquid crystals available by Castro reaction 348
EXPERIMENTAL 353
REFERENCES 357
Chapter 27. Study of connection between liquid crystalline properties and structures 358
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 359
CONCLUSIONS 364
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 364
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 367
REFERENCES 367
Chapter 28. Synthesis and examination of the liquid crystalline properties of cholesterol and thiocholesterol ethers 368
INTRODUCTION 368
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS, INSTRUMENTS 368
PREPARATION, PURIFICATION 369
DISCUSSION 370
REFERENCES 376
Chapter 29. Heterocyclic liquid crystals 378
REFERENCES 392
Chapter 30. Low melting liquid crystalline esters with alkylcyclohexane-fragments: trans-4-nalkylcyclohexyl trans-4-n-alkylcyclohexane carboxylates 394
INTRODUCTION 394
EXPERIMENTAL 397
REFERENCES 398
Part IV: Physical Properties and Applications 400
Chapter 31. Liquid crystals: physical properties and their possibilities in application 402
1. INTRODUCTION 402
2. GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE APPLICATION POSSIBILITIES OF LIQUID CRYSTALS [1–6] 403
3. THE FREDERIKS TRANSITION INDUCED BY AN ELECTRIC FIELD 406
4. BASIC REQUIREMENTS ON THE MATERIALS OPERATING IN THE FREDERIKS TRANSITION MODE 410
5. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE S-EFFECT AS AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF LIQUID CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 411
6. CONCLUSION. OTHER ELECTRO-OPTICAL APPLICATIONS 423
REFERENCES 424
Chapter 32. Anchoring of MBBA liquid crystal on ferroelectric triglycine sulphate 426
INTRODUCTION 426
EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS 426
DISCUSSION 429
CONCLUSIONS 432
REFERENCES 433
Chapter 33. Experimental investigation of twisted nematic phase with Fourier-analysis 434
I Introduction 434
II Fourier-analysis 434
Ill Application by time dependence director orientation 435
IV Theoretical interpretation 438
References 440
Chapter 34. The influences of thickness, dye constitution and concentration on the optical properties of dichroic LCDs 442
EXPERIMENTAL 442
DISCUSSION 443
CONCLUSIONS 453
Chapter 35. Tin-oxide layers for LCDs 456
INTRODUCTION 456
EXPERIMENTAL 456
CONCLUSIONS 463
Acknowledgement 463
REFERENCES 463
Chapter 36. Bistability effects in twisted nematic layers 464
1. Introduction 464
2. Electric-field induced Frgederlcksz transition in a twisted nematic layer 465
3. Simplification for small angles 467
4. Numerical solutions 468
5. Conclusions 471
References 472
Chapter 37. Matrix-addressed liquid-crystal displays 474
I. Introduction 475
II. Technological aspects 479
III. Material requirements 481
IV. General properties of addressing schemes 486
References 489
Chapter 38. Effect of optically active dopant chemical nature on spiral induction in NLC 498
REFERENCES 503
Chapter 39. Influence of optically active dopant nature on pitch-temperature dependences in induced cholesteric mesophases 504
REFERENCES 507
Chapter 40. Translational phase transition in systems nematic+optically active dopant: unwinding of cholesteric helix 510
REFERENCES 515
Chapter 41. The effect of molecular nature of a variable cholesteric component on the selective reflection temperature shift in cholesteric mixtures 516
Experimental results and their discussion 520
Conclusions 529
REFERENCES 530
Chapter 42. Generation of low-frequency electrical and optical oscillations in a system liquid crystal cell—solar cell 532
Chapter 43. Application of cholesterics for detection of organic vapours 536
REFERENCES 539
Chapter 44. Study of liquid thermoindicators 540
I. INTRODUCTION 540
2. WAVELENGTH AT PEAK SELECTIVE REFLECTION VERSUS TEMPERATURE 542
3. PRESSURE INFLUENCE ON THE LC–CHARACTERISTIC 546
4. INFLUENCE OP MECHANICAL SHEAR ON WAVELENGTH 548
5. APPLICATION OF LC-THERMOINDICATORS FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF TWODIMENSIONAL TEMPERATURE FIELDS 553
REFERENCES 557
Chapter 45. Liquid crystalline substances for high-temperature thermoindicators 560
REFERENCES 565
Chapter 46. The effect of layer instabilities on liquid crystalline thermography 566
Spectral band-width 567
Reflectance 569
Conclusions 572
References 573
Chapter 47. Problems of the photographic documentation of liquid crystalline thermographs 574
References 578
Chapter 48. Evaluation of ELC plate thermography 580
REFERENCES 584
Chapter 49. Can liquid crystal thermography improve the early diagnosis of breast cancer? 586
REFERENCES 590
Chapter 50. Contact thermography in brain ischaemia of extracerebral origin 592
REFERENCES 595
Chapter 51. The application of liquid-crystalline temperature indicators to medical diagnosis 596
1. INTRODUCTION 596
2. BASIC PARAMETERS OF LCTI 596
3. INDICATORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 597
REFERENCES 600
Chapter 52. Liquid crystal devices in biomedical applications 602
INTRODUCTION 603
MEDICAL THERMOMETRY AND THERMOGRAPHY 603
BIOMEDICAL ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCER CHARACTERIZATION 606
IONIZING AND NON-IONIZING RADIATION DOSIMETRY 610
INSTRUMENTAL CATHETERS 613
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 617
REFERENCES 618
Chapter 53. Colour thermography of liquid crystals in diagnosis of neoplasms of eye and eye socket 620
Author Index 624