Advances in X-Ray Spectroscopy (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in X-Ray Spectroscopy 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Foreword 6
Preface 8
Introduction 14
CHAPTER 1. Relativistic Theory of X-ray Satellites 16
1.1 INTRODUCTION 16
1.2 THE PHOTON-ELECTRON AND ELECTRON-ELECTRON INTERACTION 18
1.3 THE MULTICONFIGURATION DIRAC-FOCK METHOD 27
1.4 RELATIVISTIC INTERMEDIATE COUPLING: THE n'snp5-C0NFIGURATI0N 35
1.5 RELATIVISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE Kah-HYPERSATELLITE SPECTRUM 40
References 48
CHAPTER 2. Electronic Structure of Metals and Alloys by X-ray Spectroscopy 51
2.1 INTRODUCTION 51
2.2 EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 52
2.3 PURE METALS 54
2.4 ALLOYS 60
References 67
CHAPTER 3. Understanding and Improving Crystals for X-ray Fluorescence 73
3.1 INTRODUCTION 73
3.2 PARAMETERS IN CRYSTAL DIFFRACTION 73
3.3 APPLICATIONS IN X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSES 79
3.4 APPLICATIONS IN PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS 84
3.5 SELECTING A CRYSTAL AND PREDICTING ITS UTILITY 88
References 90
CHAPTER 4. Nuclear Finite Size Effects in X-ray Spectra 91
4.1 INTRODUCTION 91
4.2 ISOTOPE SHIFT OF K X-RAYS 92
4.3 MAGNETIC HYPERFINE EFFECTS 102
References 103
CHAPTER 5. Bent Crystal Spectroscopy for X- and y-radiations 105
5.1 INTRODUCTION 105
5.2 JOHANN'S SPECTROMETER 105
5.3 JOHANSSON'S METHOD 107
5.4 CAUCHOIS' METHOD 109
5.5 DuMOND'S METHOD 111
5.6 THE CYLINDRICAL BENDING OF CRYSTALS 111
5.7 THE SPHERICAL BENDING OF CRYSTALS 114
5.8 PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF BENT CRYSTALS IN DIFFERENT SPECTRAL REGIONS 115
References 117
CHAPTER 6. Resonant X-ray Emission Spectroscopy in Solids 119
6.1 INTRODUCTION 119
6.2 PHOTO-ABSORPTION TOWARDS LOCALISED STATES 120
6.3 EMISSIONS FROM LOCALISED STATES: RESONANCE LINES 122
6.4 RESONANT X-RAY EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY AS A MEANS OF STUDYING EXCITED STATES IN SOLIDS 132
6.5 CONCLUSION 134
References 135
CHAPTER 7. From X-ray to UV Physics with Synchrotron Radiation 137
7.1. INTRODUCTION 137
7.2 SINGLE EXCITATIONS AND QUASI-PARTICLES 138
7.3 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION AS A PROBE FOR INTERMEDIATE ELECTRONS 140
7.4 QUASI-PARTICLE DECAY MODES AND CORRELATION SATELLITES 140
7.5 MANY-BODY EFFECTS AND THE DAMPING OF QUASI-PARTICLE RESONANCES 142
7.6 ENERGY COINCIDENCES BETWEEN SINGLE AND DOUBLE IONISATION THRESHOLDS 145
7.7 RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS IN THE CALCULATION OF CORRELATION SATELLITES 147
7.8 MANY-BODY EFFECTS IN PHOTO-ABSORPTION 150
7.9 THE DOUBLE IONISATION ANOMALY IN THE 5p-SPECTRUM OF Ba 152
7.10 CONCLUSIONS 156
References 156
CHAPTER 8. Comparison of Relativistic Atomic SCF Calculations with Improved Experimental Data 159
8.1 INTRODUCTION 159
8.2 AVAILABLE EXPERIMENTAL DATA 161
8.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 163
Acknowledgments 166
References 166
CHAPTER 9. Reflection of X-rays by Bent Crystals 168
9.1 INTRODUCTION 168
9.2 APPLICATIONS OF BENT-CRYSTAL X-RAY DIFFRACTION 170
9.3 THE PREPARATION AND BENDING OF CRYSTALS 171
9.4 DIFFRACTION PATTERNS OF BENT CRYSTALS 173
9.5 CONCLUSION 178
References 179
CHAPTER 10. The Two-crystal Spectrometer for X-ray Spectroscopy 182
10.1 INTRODUCTION 182
10.2 SINGLE-CRYSTAL DIFFRACTION PATTERN (SCDP) AND THE GRAPHIC METHOD 184
10.3 THE ALIGNMENT OF THE CRYSTALS 187
10.4 THE TWO-CRYSTAL SPECTROMETER (DCS) 188
10.5 MULTI-CRYSTAL ARRANGEMENTS 199
10.6 PRACTICAL ARRANGEMENTS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 202
References 215
CHAPTER 11. The So-called Correction of Bragg's Law 217
11.1 A SOLITARY RAY: THE REFRACTIVE INDEX 217
11.2 THE CASE OF MORE THAN ONE DIFFRACTED RAY INSIDE THE CRYSTAL 218
11.3 TWO BEAMS: GEOMETRICAL THEORY CORRECTED FOR REFRACTION IN BRAGG REFLECTION 219
11.4 TWO BEAMS IN TRANSMISSION: THE SYMMETRICAL LAUE CASE 221
11.5 TWO BEAMS: DYNAMICAL THEORY 221
11.6 THE INFLUENCE OF SIMULTANEOUS REFLECTIONS 222
11.7 CONCLUSIONS 224
Acknowledgments 224
References 224
CHAPTER 12. On the Anisotropie Emission of Characteristic X-rays 225
12.1 INTRODUCTION 225
12.2 INVESTIGATION OF THE CHLORINE Kß-SPECTRUM IN p-DICHLOROBENZENE 226
12.3 ANISOTROPIC EMISSION OF THE K-RADIATION OF BORON AND NITROGEN IN HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE 231
References 238
CHAPTER 13. Molecular Orbitals and X-ray Spectra 240
13.1 INTRODUCTION 240
13.2 X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTRA 243
13.3 X-RAY EMISSION SPECTRA 247
References 251
CHAPTER 14. X-ray Spectra of Molecular Gases 255
14.1 INTRODUCTION 255
14.2 ABSORPTION 256
14.3 EMISSION 258
References 266
CHAPTER 15. Many-body Effects in X-ray Band Spectra of Metals 269
15.1 INTRODUCTION 269
15.2 THE LOW-ENERGY TAIL (A) 271
15.3 THE PLASMON SATELLITE (B) 273
15.4 THE PLASMARON STRUCTURE (C) 276
15.5 THE MND EDGE ANOMALY (D) (EMISSION AND ABSORPTION) 277
15.6 THE PLASMON SATELLITE EDGE (E) 278
15.7 THE PLASMON RESONANT STRUCTURE (F) 279
References 280
CHAPTER 16. The History and Modern Practice of EXAFS Spectroscopy 282
16.1 INTRODUCTION 282
16.2 WHAT IS EXAFS? 283
16.3 HISTORY 283
16.4 SIMPLIFIED PHYSICS 286
16.5 SOME EXAMPLES 291
16.6 WHY, AFTER 50 YEARS? 298
References 299
CHAPTER 17. Chemical Shifts in X-ray Absorption Spectra 302
17.1 INTRODUCTION 302
17.2 PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE CHEMICAL SHIFT 304
17.3 EFFECTIVE CHARGE AND THE CHEMICAL SHIFT 306
17.4 PHYSICAL BASIS OF CHEMICAL SHIFTS 311
17.5 CONCLUSIONS 313
References 314
CHAPTER 18. Chemical Shifts and Changes in Shape of X-ray Emission Lines in Solids 317
18.1 INTRODUCTION 317
18.2 THEORETICAL ASPECTS 322
18.3 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 331
Acknowledgments 349
References 350
CHAPTER 19. X-ray Optics 353
19.1 INTRODUCTION 353
19.2 REFLECTION OF X-RAYS 354
19.3 THE DIFFRACTION OF X-RAYS BY GRATINGS 364
19.4 OPTICAL SYSTEMS 371
19.5 OTHER DEVICES 376
References 378
CHAPTER 20. Potential Characteristics and Applications of X-ray Lasers 386
20.1 INTRODUCTION 386
20.2 COHERENT VACUUM-UV GENERATION 387
20.3 RECENT X-RAY LASER RESEARCH 390
20.4 ANTICIPATED X-RAY LASER CHARACTERISTICS 397
20.5 X-RAY HEATING OF MATTER 403
20.6 SPECULATION ON X-RAY LASER APPLICATIONS 408
20.7 DISCUSSION 414
Acknowledgments 420
References 421
CHAPTER 21. Electron Brëmsstrahlung 426
21.1 INTRODUCTION 426
21.2 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY FOR CALCULATING BRËMSSTRAHLUNG CROSS-SECTIONS 427
21.3 THE END-POINTS OF THE BRËMSSTRAHLUNG SPECTRUM 428
21.4 THE COULOMB SPECTRUM 429
21.5 SCREENING EFFECTS 434
21.6 ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS OF BRËMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION 436
References 436
CHAPTER 22. Band Structure of Semiconductors by X-ray Spectroscopy 438
22.1 INTRODUCTION 438
22.2 ELEMENTS 439
22.3 COMPOUNDS 444
Acknowledgments 452
References 452
CHAPTER 23. X-ray Raman Band and Plasmon Line in the Compton Spectrum 454
23.1 INTRODUCTION 454
23.2 GENERAL THEORY OF X-RAY INELASTIC SCATTERING 454
23.3 EXPERIMENTAL 459
23.4 DISCUSSION 464
Acknowledgments 464
References 464
CHAPTER 24. Isochromat Spectroscopy 466
24.1 INTRODUCTION 466
24.2 PRINCIPLES 466
24.3 THE EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 469
24.4 APPLICATIONS AND RESULTS OF IS 474
24.5 CONCLUSIONS 479
References 479