Inorganic Chemistry (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Inorganic Chemistry: A Concise Text 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 8
Part I: GENERAL PRINCIPLES 10
CHAPTER I. The Structure of the Atom 12
Natural Radioactivity 27
CHAPTER II. Electronic Configurations of the Elements and the Periodic Classification 34
Atomic Spectra 34
The Periodic Table 40
CHAPTER III. Types of Chemical Bond 53
The Ionic Bond 53
The Covalent Bond 60
The Metallic Bond 73
The Hydrogen Bond 76
CHAPTER IV. Ionic Crystal Structures 78
Ionic Radii 78
Ionic Structures 80
Binary Compounds of Composition MX 84
Binary Compounds of Composition MX2 88
CHAPTER V. The Stereochemistry of the Non-transition Elements 91
Two Electron Pairs — Linear Arrangement 93
Three Electron Pairs — Triangular Planar Arrangement 94
Four Electron Pairs — Tetrahedral Arrangement 96
Five Electron Pairs — Trigonal Bipyramidal Arrangement 99
Six Electron Pairs — Octahedral Arrangement 101
Seven Electron Pairs — Pentagonal Bipyramidal Arrangement 103
CHAPTER VI. Oxidation and Reduction 105
Electronic Theory of Oxidation and Reduction 106
Standard Electrode Potentials 107
Discharge Potentials in Electrolysis Overvoltage
The Concept of Oxidation Number 115
The Oxidation Number Concept in Inorganic Nomenclature 119
CHAPTER VII. The Extraction and Purification of Metals 121
Classification of Mineral Sources 121
Enrichment of Ores 124
Reduction of the Mineral to the Metal 127
The Purification of Metals 133
Part II: THE GROUP CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS 138
CHAPTER VIII. Hydrogen, Hydrides and the Protonic Acids 140
Introduction 140
Classification of Hydrides 144
The Protonic Concept of Acids and Bases 147
Isotopes of Hydrogen 150
Ortho and Para Hydrogen 152
Atomic Hydrogen 152
CHAPTER IX. The Alkali Metals 154
Compounds of the Alkali Metals 156
Oxides and Hydroxides 157
Sulphides 161
Halides 161
Salts of Oxy-acids 162
Compounds with the Small Non-metals 164
The Anomalous Character of Lithium 164
CHAPTER X. The Alkaline Earth Elements 166
General Characteristics 167
The Free Metals 171
Oxides and Hydroxides 171
Sulphides 173
Halides 174
Compounds with Small Non-metal Atoms 175
Oxy-acid Salts 177
Similarities between Beryllium and Aluminium 178
CHAPTER XI. The Transition Elements 180
General Characteristics of the Elements 181
Chromium 190
Compounds of Chromium 191
Manganese 196
Compounds of Manganese 196
Iron, Cobalt and Nickel 200
Compounds 202
Oxides 202
Sulphides 203
Halides 203
Complex Compounds 204
Garbony1 Compounds 208
CHAPTER XII. Copper, Silver and Gold 210
General Characteristics 211
Oxides and Hydroxides 214
Halides 215
Oxy-acid Salts 218
CHAPTER XIII. Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury 221
The Free Metals 223
Compounds 224
Oxides and Hydroxides 224
Halides and Halogeno Complexes 225
Oxy-acid Salts 227
CHAPTER XIV. Boron and Aluminium 229
The Free Elements 231
Oxides and Related Compounds 233
Halides and Halogeno Complexes 236
Other Compounds 239
Similarity of Boron and Silicon 241
CHAPTER XV. Carbon, Silicon, Tin and Lead 243
The Free Elements 245
Carbides 249
Oxides 250
Sulphides of Tin and Lead 255
Halides 256
Halides of Dipositive Tin and Lead 259
Hydrides 260
Oxy-acid Salts of Lead 261
CHAPTER XVI. The Nitrogen Family 263
Nitrogen 265
The Free Element 265
Nitrides 267
Binary Compounds with Hydrogen 268
Halides 273
Oxides and Oxy-acids of Nitrogen 275
Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth— The Free Elements 282
Oxides and Oxy-acids 284
Oxy-acids of Phosphorus 288
Halides 292
Hydrides 294
CHAPTER XVII. Oxygen and Sulphur 296
The Free Elements 297
Compounds with Hydrogen 300
Classification of Oxides 308
Halides of Sulphur 311
Oxyhalides of Sulphur 312
Oxides and Oxy-acids of Sulphur 313
Thiosulphates and Polythionates 318
CHAPTER XVIII. The Halogens 321
The Free Elements 321
Oxidation States of the Halogens 325
Compounds of the Halogens 327
Halides 330
Oxides and Oxy-acids of the Halogens 332
CHAPTER XIX. The Noble Gases 345
Index 352