Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Carbon (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Carbon 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
FOREWORD 6
THE AMERICAN CARBON COMMITTEE 7
CHAPTER 1. ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE AND ITSCRYSTAL COMPOUNDS IN THE DIRECTION OF THE c-AXIS 14
I . INTRODUCTION 14
II. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IN THEDIRECTION OF THE C-AXIS 15
III. EFFECTS OF INTERCALATION WITHCHARGE TRANSFER ON THE C-AXISRESISTANCE 17
IV. THERMO-ELECTRIC POWER 18
CHAPTER 2. FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS OF THE p ELECTRONPROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE 21
I . INTRODUCTION 21
II. THE S.C.F. CALCULATION 21
III. THE ENERGY CONTOURS AROUNDTHE SYMMETRY POINTS 23
VI. THE DENSITY OF STATES 24
V. THE EFFECTIVE NUMBER OF ELECTRONSIN THE BAND 23
IV. THE VARIATION OF E(k) WITH k 23
VII. CONCLUSION 25
CHAPTER 3. THE EFFECT OF BORON ON THE ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE 26
I . INTRODUCTION 26
II. BORON DOPING PROCEDURE 26
III. EXPEBIMENTAL PBOCEDUBE 27
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27
CHAPTER 4. THEORY OF THE ^-FACTOR OF THE CURRENT CARRIERSIN GRAPHITE SINGLE CRYSTALS 35
CONCLUSION 41
CHAPTER 5. ETUDE DE L'EFFET HALL ET DE LA MAGNETORESISTANCE DE CARBONESPREGRAPHITIQUES PULVERULENTS—TECHNIQUES ET RESULTATS 42
I. INTRODUCTION 42
II. APPAREILLAGE-TECHNIQUE 43
III. CONSIDERATIONS THEORIQUESRELATIVES AUX DIMENSIONS DEL'EPROUVETTE 50
IV. EXPRESSION DU COEFFICIENT DE HALL 52
V. QUELQUES RESULTATS OBTENUS AVEC CETAPPAREILLAGE 56
VI. CONCLUSION 56
CHAPTER 6. FORMATION OF SPIN CENTERS IN CARBONS BY OXIDATIONAND THEIR THERMAL ANNEAL 59
I . INTRODUCTION 59
II. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 60
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 61
IV. DISCUSSION 65
CHAPTER 7. FORMATION BY CHEMICAL ATTACK AND NATURE OFSPIN CENTERS IN CARBON 69
I . INTRODUCTION 69
II. FORMATION AND DESTRUCTIONOF SPIN CENTERS 70
III. THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE 73
IV. DISCUSSION 74
PART IISURFACE PROPERTIES, ABSORPTION ANDREACTIVITY 76
CHAPTER 8. THE CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS CARBONS 78
I. INTRODUCTION 78
II. SEMICONDUCTOR PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS CARBONS 78
III. CATALYSIS IN ACID SOLUTIONS 80
IV. CATALYSIS IN ALKALINE SOLUTIONS 83
V. CARBON AS A CATALYST SUPPORT 84
VI. CONCLUSIONS 85
CHAPTER 9. SURFACE ROPERTIES OF EXTREMELY THIN GRAPHITE LAMELLAE 86
I. INTRODUCTION 86
II. PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE OXIDE 86
III. PREPARATION OF EXTREMELY THINLAMELLAE OF CARBON 88
IV. ESTIMATION OF THE THICKNESS OF THELAMELLAE OF THE REDUCTION PRODUCT 89
V. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS 91
CHAPTER 10. THERMAL TREATMENT AND MICROPOROUS STRUCTURE OFCARBONACEOUS ADSORBENTS 94
CHAPTER 11. ON THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PORES IN CHARCOAL ANDIN OTHER POROUS SUBSTANCES 101
I . INTRODUCTION 101
II. BEHAVIOUR OF A COLLECTION OF G2INK-BOTTLE PORES 103
CHAPTER 12. ADSORPTION OF SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS FROM NON-AQUEOUSSOLUTIONS BY CARBON BLACKS 110
I. INTRODUCTION 110
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 110
CHAPTER 13. INTERPRETATION OF NITROGEN ADSORPTION ISOTHERMSOF OXIDIZED CARBON BLACKS 116
I. INTRODUCTION 116
II. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTALCONDITIONS 116
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 117
CHAPTER 14. ADSORPTION OF VAPORS ON HIGH ENERGY SITES OF CARBON BLACKS 123
I . INTRODUCTION 123
II. EXPERIMENTAL 124
III. RESULTS 125
IV. DISCUSSION 126
CHAPTER 15. ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF WATER FILMS ON GRAPHITE SURFACES 129
CHAPTER 16. THE ADSORPTION OF IODINE BY GRAPHITE 133
I. INTRODUCTION 133
II. EXPERIMENTAL 133
III. DISCUSSION 135
CHAPTER 17. THE FORMATION OF METHANE FROM HYDROGEN AND CARBONAT HIGH TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES 138
I. INTRODUCTION 138
II. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 139
III. EXPERIMENTAL 139
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 140
CHAPTER 18. INTERCALATION OF COBALT (II) CHLORIDE IN GRAPHITE 145
I. INTRODUCTION 145
II. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL 145
III. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES 146
IV. INTERCALATION EXPERIMENTS 147
CHAPTER 19. CATALYZED LAMELLAR REACTIONS OF GRAPHITE 152
CHAPTER 20. SURFACE OXIDES ON GRAPHITE SINGLE CRYSTALS 156
CHAPTER 21. THE KINETICS OF THE DIAMOND - OXYGEN REACTION 160
I . INTRODUCTION 160
II. EXPERIMENTAL 160
III. RESULTS 161
CHAPTER 22. OXIDATION OF CARBON BETWEEN 1000-2000°C 167
I . INTRODUCTION 167
II. EXPERIMENTAL 168
III. RESULTS 169
IV. THEORY 174
IV. DISCUSSION 164
CHAPTER 23. OXIDATION OF CARBON BETWEEN 1000-2000°C 167
I . INTRODUCTION 167
II. EXPERIMENTAL 168
III. RESULTS 169
IV. THEORY 174
CHAPTER 24. SURFACE OXIDATION OF CHARCOAL AT ORDINARY TEMPERATURES 178
I. INTRODUCTION 178
II. EXPERIMENTAL 178
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 179
CHAPTER 25. ETUDE DE L'OXYDATION DES CARBONES PAR L'AIR ET L'ANHYDRIDECARBONIQUE EN FONCTION DE LEUR TEXTURE ET DE LEUR ETAT DEPURETE 184
I. INTRODUCTION 184
II. CARBONES ETUDIES ET PURIFICATION 184
III. CARACTERES PHYSIQUES ET CHIMIQUESDES CARBONES ETUDIES 185
CHAPTER 26. THE DEGASSING BEHAVIOR OF COMMERCIAL GRAPHITES 207
I . INTRODUCTION 207
II. EXPERIMENTAL 209
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 209
CHAPTER 27. THE EFFECT OF GASIFICATION BY CARBON DIOXIDEON THE PORE STRUCTURE OF GRAPHITE 218
I. INTRODUCTION 218
II. EXPERIMENTAL 218
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 220
IV. CONCLUSIONS 225
CHAPTER 28. OXIDATION AND HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES IN GRAPHITE CHANNELS 228
I. INTRODUCTION 228
II. EXPERIMENTAL 228
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 229
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 234
CHAPTER 29. OXIDATION AND HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES IN GRAPHITE CHANNELS 236
I. INTRODUCTION 236
II. EXPERIMENTAL 236
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 236
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 240
CHAPTER 30. OXIDATION AND HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES IN GRAPHITE CHANNELS 241
I. INTRODUCTION 241
II. EXPERIMENTAL 241
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 242
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 247
CHAPTER 31. OXIDATION AND HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES IN GRAPHITE CHANNELS 248
I. INTRODUCTION 248
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 248
II. CONCLUSIONS 253
CHAPTER 32. OXIDATION AND HEAT TRANSFER STUDIES IN GRAPHITE CHANNELS 254
I. INTRODUCTION 254
II. DISCUSSION 254
III. CONCLUSIONS 259
PART III: RRADIATION, NUCLEAR GRAPHITEAND DIFFUSION 260
CHAPTER 33. MECHANISM OF RADIATION DAMAGE TO GRAPHITE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES 262
I. INTRODUCTION 262
II. MECHANISM OF RADIATION-INDUCED DIMENSIONAL CHANGES 262
III. RELATION OF THE NON-ANNEALABLEDAMAGE TO THE COMPOSITION OF THEGRAPHITE 264
IV. MECHANISM OF NON-ANNEALABLEDAMAGE 266
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 267
CHAPTER 34. THE EFFECT OF HIGH FLUX NEUTRON IRRADIATION ONTHE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE 268
I. INTRODUCTION 268
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 268
III. RESULTS 272
IV. DISCUSSION 274
CHAPTER 35. THE IRRADIATION INDUCED PLASTICITY OF GRAPHITE 279
I. INTRODUCTION 279
II. EXPERIMENTAL 279
III. DISCUSSION 286
CHAPTER 36. PROPRIETES MECANIQUES DU GRAPHITE IRRADIE MODIFICATION DE LA DURETE PAR IRRADIATION ET RECUIT
I. INTRODUCTION 287
II. METHODE DE MESURE DE LA DURETE 288
III. DURETE DU GRAPHITE NON IRRADIE 289
IV. EFFET DE L'lRRADIATION SUR LADURETE DU GRAPHITE 292
V. RECUIT THERMIQUE DU DURCISSEMENTDU GRAPHITE 292
CHAPTER 37. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON RADIATION-INDUCEDCONTRACTION OF REACTOR GRAPHITE 297
I. INTRODUCTION 297
II. EXPERIMENTAL 298
III. HIGH TEMPERATURE CONTRACTION 299
IV. SUMMARY 300
CHAPTER 38. STORED ENERGY AND DIMENSIONAL CHANGES IN REACTOR GRAPHITE 302
I. INTRODUCTION 302
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 303
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 304
IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 320
CHAPTER 39. ENERGIE EMMAGASINEE PAR LE GRAPHITE IRRADIEEVOLUTION DE L'ENERGIE EN FONCTION DE RECUITS SUCCESSIFS 330
I. INTRODUCTION 330
II. METHODES EXPERIMENTALES 331
III. ENERGIE EMMAGASINEE PAR LE GRAPHITE 332
IV. ENERGIE EMMAGASINEE PAR LEGRAPHITE RECUIT 334
CHAPTER 40. POST-IRRADIATION MEASUREMENTS OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITYBETWEEN 200 AND 600°C FOR LOW PERMEABILITY GRAPHITES 341
I. INTRODUCTION 341
II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 342
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 343
IV. DISCUSSION 345
CHAPTER 41. PERMEABILITE AUX GAZ DES GRAPHITES NUCLEAIRES—ETUDE DELA STRUCTURE POREUSE PAR POROSIMETRIE AU MERCURE 348
1. INTRODUCTION 348
II. PERMEABILITE AUX GAZ DES 348
III. POROSIMETRIE AU MERCURE 357
IV. INFLUENCE DES PARAMETRES DE FABRICATIONSUR LA STRUCTURE POREUSE DESGRAPHITES NUCLEAIRES 360
V. COMPARAISON DES RESULTATS OBTENUSPAR PERMEABILITE AUX GAZ ET PARPOROSIMETRIE AU MERCURE 365
CHAPTER 42. LARGE GRAPHITE COLUMNS IN THE CORE OF THE EXPERIMENTAL GAS-COOLED REACTOR (EGCR) 367
I. INTRODUCTION 367
II. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OFCORE GRAPHITE 367
II. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 375
CHAPTER 43. THE MIGRATION OF FISSION PRODUCTS IN ARTIFICIAL GRAPHITE 378
I. INTRODUCTION 378
II. IN-PILE EXPERIMENT 378
III. IN-PORE DIFFUSION CONSTANTS 381
IV. SURFACE EFFECTS 384
V. ESCAPE OF FISSION PRODUCTSFROM FISSILE COMPACTS 387
VI. CONCLUSIONS 389
CHAPTER 44. PROPERTIES OF FUELED GRAPHITE 390
I. INTRODUCTION 390
II. CHOICE BETWEEN OXIDE ORCARBIDE DISPERSION 390
III. MOLDED OR EXTRUDED ELEMENTS 391
VI. PROPERTIES OF MOLDED UC2 GRAPHITE ELEMENTS 395
V. PROPERTIES OF MOLDED UO2 GRAPHITE ELEMENTS 392
VI. PROPERTIES OF MOLDED UC2 GRAPHITE ELEMENTS 
395 
VII. HYDROGEN CONTENT 395
VIII. EXTRUDED URANIUM–GRAPHITE FUEL ELEMENTS 395
IX. IRRADIATION TESTING 396
X. CONCLUSION 396
CHAPTER 45. THORIUM OXIDE INFILTRATION OF GRAPHITE SPHERES 397
I. INTRODUCTION 397
II. EXPERIMENTAL 397
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 399
IV. CONCLUSIONS 404
PART IV: CARBONIZATION, GRAPHITIZATION AND STRUCTURE 406
CHAPTER 46. AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF CARBON FORMATION IN THE PYROLYSIS OF HYDROCARBONS 408
I. INTRODUCTION 408
II. EXPERIMENTAL 408
III. RESULTS 410
IV. DISCUSSION 417
CHAPTER 47. CARBON FILMS FROM CARBON SUBOXIDE DECOMPOSITION. FORMATION KINETICS 419
I. INTRODUCTION 419
II. THEORY 421
III. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE 
424 
IV. RESULTS 425
V. DISCUSSION 426
VI. CONCLUSIONS 428
CHAPTER 48. SOME REACTIONS OF AROMATIC SYSTEMS IN CHARS 429
I. INTRODUCTION 429
II. EXPERIMENTAL 430
III. RESULTS 430
IV. DISCUSSION 432
CHAPTER 49. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS OF CHEMICALLY MODIFIED BROWN-COAL CHARS 435
I. INTRODUCTION 435
II. EXPERIMENTAL 435
CHAPTER 50. X-RAY STUDIES ON THE COAL MACERAL VITRINITE AND ITS EXTRACTION PRODUCTS 442
CHAPTER 51. X-RAY STEREO-MICRORADIOGRAPHY OF CARBONS 451
I. INTRODUCTION 451
II. EXPERIMENTAL 452
CHAPTER 52. TECHNIQUE FOR MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF GRAPHITE 469
I. INTRODUCTION 469
II. SAMPLE POLISHING 469
III. CATHODIC ETCHING 471
IV. PRE-CHARACTERIZATION AND REPLICATION 472
V. LIMITATIONS 476
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 478
CHAPTER 53. DIRECT OBSERVATION OF IMPERFECTIONS IN GRAPHITE SINGLE CRYSTALS 479
I. INTRODUCTION 479
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 479
III. INTERACTION OF DISLOCATIONS WITH CRYSTAL EDGES, GRAIN BOUNDARIES, AND FOREIGN IMPURITIES 480
IV. DISLOCATION PINNING BY NEUTRON RADIATION-INDUCED POINT DEFECTS 482
V. ANNEALING OF RADIATION DAMAGE AND UNPINNING OF DISLOCATIONS 483
VI. SUMMARY 485
CHAPTER 54. X-RAY STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENT ON PYROLYTIC GRAPHITES 486
I. INTRODUCTION 486
II. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 487
III. PREFERRED ORIENTATION 489
IV. ANALYSIS OF THE (001) DIFFRACTION LINES 491
V. ANALYSIS OF THE (hk) DIFFRACTION LINES 494
VI. CONCLUSIONS 496
CHAPTER 55. NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF THE STRUCTURE OF CARBON BLACKS 498
I. INTRODUCTION 498
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 499
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 499
IV. DISCUSSION 500
CHAPTER 56. THE DETERMINATION OF THE INTERLAYER SPACINGS IN CARBONS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE 
505 
I. INTRODUCTION 505
II. EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 506
III. RESULTS AND REMARKS 507
CHAPTER 57. EFFECT OF RAPID HEAT TREATMENT ON THE PROPERTIES OF CARBON 510
I. INTRODUCTION 510
II. EXPERIMENTAL 510
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 511
CHAPTER 58. EFFECT OF RESIDENCE TIME ON GRAPHITIZATION AT SEVERAL TEMPERATURES 516
I. INTRODUCTION 516
II. EXPERIMENTAL 517
III. DISCUSSION 518
CHAPTER 59. CARBONISATION ET APTITUDE A LA GRAPHITATION 522
I. INTRODUCTION 522
II. MATIERES PREMIERES UTILISEES 523
III. MODE OPERATOIRE 523
IV. BESULTATS 527
V. DISCUSSION 527
CHAPTER 60. THE STRENGTH OF GRAPHITE 532
I. INTRODUCTION 532
II. STRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOR 532
III. FLEXURAL TESTS 536
IV. AN INTERPRETATION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MODULUS AND STRENGTH 541
V. AN EXPERIMENT IN GRAPHITE MANUFACTURE 543
VI. THE EFFECT OF SPECIMEN SIZE ON THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF GRAPHITE 544
PART V: MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES, FRICTION AND WEAR, CARBON TECHNOLOGY 530
CHAPTER 61. DETERMINATION OF THE THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY FOR POLYCRYSTALLINE GRAPHITES AT HIGH TEMPERATURE 546
I. INTRODUCTION 546
II. THE "STEADY" SINUSOIDAL TEMPERATURE WAVE METHOD 547
III. THE TRANSIENT HEAT FLOW METHOD 550
IV. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY AND K/dc 556
V. CONCLUSION 558
CHAPTER 62. OBSERVATIONS OF SPARKING AT A SLIDING CARBON–COPPER INTERFACE 560
I. INTRODUCTION 
560 
II. EXPERIMENTAL 561
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 562
IV. DISCUSSION 565
CHAPTER 63. THE EFFECT OF CARBON STRUCTURE ON COPPER OXIDATION AT A SLIDING ELECTRICAL CONTACT 566
I. INTRODUCTION 566
II. EXPERIMENTAL 568
III. RESULTS 570
IV. CONCLUSIONS 571
CHAPTER 64. ANALYTICAL DETERMINATION OF CARBON VARIETIES IN ELECTROGRAPHITIZED CARBON PRODUCTS BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION METHOD 572
I. INTRODUCTION 572
II. CORRECTION OF DIFFRACTION PROFILE 573
III. EXPERIMENTS WITH MIXTURES OF ELECTROGRAPHITIZED COKE AND CARBON BLACK 574
IV. EXPERIMENTS WITH GRAPHITIZED PRODUCTS 576
V. CONCLUSION 579
CHAPTER 65. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN GRAPHITE IMPREGNATION 580
I. INTRODUCTION 580
II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 580
CHAPTER 66. THE DEPOSITION OF PYROLYTIC CARBON IN THE PORES OF BONDED AND UNBONDED CARBON POWDERS 588
I. INTRODUCTION 
588 
II. EXPERIMENTS ON DEPOSITION WITHIN PORES 589
IV. CONCLUSIONS 595
CHAPTER 67. LOW DENSITY CARBON AND GRAPHITE SHAPES 596
I. INTRODUCTION 596
II. APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES 596
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 597
CHAPTER 68. UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF FLEXIBLE CARBON FIBERS 602
I. INTRODUCTION 602
II. RAW MATERIAL 602
III. GENERAL PROPERTIES 603
IV. SPECIFIC PRODUCTS 605
V. CARBON TECHNOLOGY 606
CHAPTER 69. PROPERTIES OF HIGH DENSITY, RECRYSTALLIZED GRAPHITE 608
CHAPTER 70. PREPARATION DE GRAPHITE DE HAUTE DENSITE 613
I. INTRODUCTION 613
II. MODE OPERATOIRE 614
III. INFLUENCE DE LA GRANULOMETRIE DE LA FRACTION GRAPHITE 615
V. CARACTERISTIQUES PHYSIQUES DES PRODUITS GRAPHITES 620
VI. SPECTRES DE PORES 622
VII. CONCLUSION 623
CHAPTER 71. COMPACTION OF ARTIFICIAL GRAPHITE 624
I. INTRODUCTION 624
II. EXPERIMENTAL 625
III. RESULTS 625
IV. DISCUSSION 632
V. CONCLUSIONS 637
AUTHOR INDEX 638
SUBJECT INDEX 645
ERRATA 652