Liver (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Liver: Morphology, Biochemistry, Physiology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Contributors 6
Preface 8
Contents of Volume I 15
CHAPTER 12. EXCRETORY FUNCTION OF THE LIVER 16
I. Introduction 16
II. Bile Formation 17
III. Bile Acids 23
IV. Bile Pigments 29
V. Sulfobromophthalein Sodium 35
REFERENCES 40
CHAPTER 13. FUNCTIONS OF THE KUPFFER CELLS 52
I. Historical Survey 52
II. Functions of Kupffer Cells 54
III. Factors That Modify Functions of Kupffer Cells 71
REFERENCES 74
CHAPTER 14. REGENERATION OF THE LIVER 78
I. Introduction 78
II. Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy 79
III. Regeneration after Acute Doses of Necrotizing Agents 91
IV. Regeneration after Bile Duct Obstruction 93
V. Regeneration after Chronic Dietary Injury 95
VI. Conclusion 96
REFERENCES 98
CHAPTER 15. THE LIVER AND STEROID HORMONE METABOLISM 106
I. Sites of Origin and Nature of Primary Steroid Hormones 107
II. Factors Modifying Plasma Hormone Levels 108
III. Turnover Rates 109
IV. Excretory Pathways 110
V. Metabolic Patterns of Neutral Steroid Hormones 111
VI. Metabolic Patterns of Phenolic Steroid Hormones 123
VII. Conjugation of Steroid Hormones 126
VIII. Effects of Liver Disease 128
IX. Other Clinical Disorders Affecting Liver Function 129
X. Steroid Metabolism in the Fetus and Infant 131
XI. Role of the Liver in Steroid Pharmacology 132
XII. Summary 134
REFERENCES 135
CHAPTER 16. THE LIVER AND VITAMINS 148
I. Introduction 150
II. Vitamin A 150
III. Vitamin D 155
IV. Vitamin E 156
V. Vitamin K 158
VI. Vitamin B1 160
VII. Vitamin B2 162
VIII. Vitamin B6 164
IX. Vitamin B12 168
XI. Biotin 173
XII. Nicotinic Acid 174
XIII. Pantothenic Acid 177
XIV. Vitamin C 179
REFERENCES 182
CHAPTER 17. LIVER AND BLOOD COAGULATION 192
I. Introduction 192
II. Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation 193
III. Coagulation Factors or Procoagulants 197
IV. Liver Diseases and Procoagulants 201
V. Site of Procoagulant Synthesis in the Organism 206
VI. The Role of Vitamin K 209
VII. Other Mechanisms Affecting Blood Coagulation in Liver Disease, Unrelated to Deficient Procoagulant Synthesis 217
REFERENCES 221
CHAPTER 18. LIVER FUNCTION TESTS 230
I. Introduction 231
II. The Purifying Activity of the Reticuloendothelial System 233
IV. Uptake of Vitamin B12 by the Liver 237
V. Metabolism of Bilirubin 238
VI. Serum Albumin and the Reactions of Protein Imbalance of the Blood 243
VII. Enzymatic Activities of Fragments Obtained by Puncture Biopsy 248
REFERENCES 253
CHAPTER 19. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT OF HEPATIC PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM 258
I. Introduction 259
II. Hepatectomy—the Study of the Liverless Animal 260
III. Hepatic Perfusion Techniques—the Bridge between in Vitro and in Vivo Studies 264
IV. Method for Catheterizing the Major Hepatic Vessels—a Preparation for the Study of Hepatic Physiology and Metabolism in Vivo 267
V. Hepatic Blood Flow Methods 271
VI. Hepatic Vascular Procedures 279
REFERENCES 280
CHAPTER 20. DEATH OF LIVER TISSUE 282
I. Terminology: "Cellular Death," "Necrosis," "Autolysis" 283
II. Methods for the Study of Cell Death in Liver Tissue 285
III. Studies on Liver Implants 285
IV. Studies on Liver Tissue in Vitro and Post-Mortem 311
V. Death of a Liver Cell: A Tentative Sequence of Events 322
REFERENCES 324
CHAPTER 21. EXPERIMENTAL DIETETIC INJURY OF THE LIVER 330
I. Introduction 330
II. Etiological Factors 332
III. Pathogenesis 333
IV. Relation of Experimental Dietary Liver Disease to Primary Tumors of the Liver 345
REFERENCES 346
CHAPTER 22. EXPERIMENTAL TOXIC INJURY OF THE LIVER 350
I. Introduction 350
II. General Considerations 351
III. The Production of Hepatic Changes by Toxins 363
IV. Modifying Factors of Toxic Action 442
V. Pathogenesis of Experimental Toxic Injury 450
REFERENCES 458
CHAPTER 23. EXPERIMENTAL CIRRHOSIS 492
I. Introduction 493
II. Morphologic Types of Cirrhosis 494
III. General Concept of Pathogenesis of Cirrhosis (Architecture) 495
IV. Fibrogenesis and Collagenosis 499
V. Pathogenesis of Regeneration Nodules 500
VI. Special Features 503
VII. Contributions from the Studies of Experimental Cirrhosis to the Problem in Man 507
VIII. Congenital Cirrhosis in Experimental Animals 508
IX. Obstructive Cirrhosis 509
X. Toxic Agents 510
XI. Experimental Cirrhosis Following Infections 515
XII. Cirrhogenic Agents of a Metabolic Nature 516
XIII. Conclusion 520
REFERENCES 521
CHAPTER 24. CARCINOMA OF THE LIVER IN MAN 530
I. Classification of Carcinomata of the Liver 530
II. Morphology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 531
III. Transformation of Hepatic Muralium into Ductal Structures 532
IV. Spread of Hepatoma and Cholangioma 540
V. Metastatic Carcinoma to the Liver 542
VI. Relation of Hepatoma to Cirrhosis 542
VII. Frequency of Primary Liver Cancer 543
REFERENCES 543
CHAPTER 25. LIVER AND VIRUSES: EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 546
I. Introduction 546
II. Review of Representative Studies 548
III. Equine Abortion Virus (EAV) 552
REFERENCES 564
CHAPTER 26. THE NECROTROPIC LIVER-PROTECTIVE SUBSTANCES 568
I. Degeneration and Necrosis of the Liver Cell as a Scale for Measuring the Necrotropic Effect 568
II. Testing of Liver-Protective Substances 578
III. The Necrotropic Substances, Their Classification and Grouping 594
IV. General Considerations on the Mode of Action of Necrotropic Substances 624
REFERENCES 628
AUTHOR INDEX 640
SUBJECT INDEX 675