Recent Progress in Hormone Research (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Recent Progress in Hormone Research 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
PREFACE 6
PART I: THYROID PHYSIOLOGY 12
Chapter 1. The Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator: Its Role in Graves' Disease 12
I. Introduction 12
II. Method of Assay of the Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator 12
III. Assessment of the Clinical Role and Chemical Identity of the Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator 15
IV. Further Evidence That the Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator Is an Immunoglobulin 15
V. Mode of Action of Thyrotropin and the Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator 27
VI. Conclusions and Hypotheses 48
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 49
REFERENCES 49
DISCUSSION 51
Chapter 2. Studies of Thyrotropin Physiology by Means of Radioimmunoassay 58
I. Introduction 58
II. Materials and Methods 60
III. Biological Neutralization Studies 61
IV. Agar Gel Diffusion Studies 64
V. Badioimmunoassay of Other Hormones and Pituitary Extracts 65
VI. Plasma Assays 69
VII. Plasma TSH Concentrations in Euthyroid Subjects 70
VIII. Alteration of TSH Secretion in Normal Subjects 71
IX. Hypothyroidism 75
X. Hyperthyroidism 80
XI. Hyperthyroidism in Association with Trophoblastic Neoplasms 83
XII. TSH Secretion Studies 84
XIII. Conclusions 86
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 87
REFERENCES 87
DISCUSSION 89
Chapter 3. Extrathyroid Effects of Some Antithyroid Drugs and Their Metabolic Consequences 98
I. Introduction 98
II. Effects on the Extrathyroid Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones and Analogs 100
III. Effects on the Metabolic Activity of Thyroid Hormones and Analog 118
IV. Is There a Correlation between Extrathyroid Effects of Antithyroid Compounds on the Metabolism and on the Action of Thyroid Hormones and Analogs? 130
V. Speculations 135
VI. Summary 139
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 139
REFERENCES 139
DISCUSSION 143
Chapter 4. Thyroid Hormones and the Biochemistry of Amphibian Metamorphosis 150
I. History and Introduction 150
II. The Thyroid Hormones of Anurans 152
III. Effect of Temperature on Anuran Metamorphosis 156
IV. Biochemical Effects: Adaptation and the Common Denominator of Thyroid Hormone Action 160
V. The Question of Respiration 164
VI. Increase in Albumin, Ceruloplasmin and Other Serum Proteins 167
VII. The Hemoglobin Transition 169
VIII. Developmental Changes in the Liver 177
IX. Tail Resorption 184
X. Other Biochemical Developments 191
XI. Summary 192
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 193
REFERENCES 193
DISCUSSION 197
PART II: STEROID HORMONES 206
Chapter 5. Studies of the Mode of Action of Adrenal Steroids on Lymphocytes 206
I. Introduction 206
II. Experimental and Results 208
III. Conclusions 227
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 229
REFERENCES 229
DISCUSSION 230
Chapter 6. Biochemical and Morphological Responses of Normal and Neoplastic Mammary Tissue to Hormonal Treatment 240
I. Introduction 240
II. Results and Discussion 241
III. Conclusions and Speculations 297
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 299
REFERENCES 299
Chapter 7. Formation and Metabolism of Steroids in the Fetus and Placenta 308
I. Introduction 308
II. Perfusion of the Previable Human Fetus at Midterm 309
III. Injection of the Labeled Precursors into the Umbilical Vein 322
IV. Metabolism of Progesterone in the Fetal Adrenal of the Rhesus Monkey 337
V. The Origin of Testosterone and Androstenedione in the Human Fetus at Midterm 340
VI. Concluding Remarks 342
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 344
REFERENCES 344
DISCUSSION 346
Chapter 8. Studies with the 3a-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas testosteroni–Enzyme-Substrate Complementarity as the Basis of Selectivity and Steric Specificity 360
I. Introduction 360
II. Kinetics of the 3a-Enzyme 362
III. Steric Relationships 364
IV. Stereochemistry of Reduction of Simple Substrates 367
V. Substrates as Part of the trans-Steroid Skeleton 370
VI. Substrates as Part of the cis-Steroid Skeleton 374
VII. Conclusion 377
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 380
REFERENCES 380
DISCUSSION 380
Chapter 9. Disorders of Adrenal Steroid Biogenesis 386
I. Introduction 386
II. Clinical Features 388
III. Pathogenesis 391
IV. The Electrolyte and Water Disturbance 401
V. Experimental Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia 421
VI. Genetics 443
VII. Psychological Aspects 444
VIII. Conclusions 444
REFERENCES 445
DISCUSSION 450
PART III: PEPTIDE HORMONES 462
Chapter 10. New Approaches to the Chemical Synthesis of Peptides 462
I. Introduction 462
II. New Approaches to Peptide Synthesis 463
III. Automation of Peptide Synthesis 483
REFERENCES 486
DISCUSSION 487
Chapter 11. Contemporary Developments in the Biochemistry of the Gastrointestinal Hormones 494
I. Introduction 494
II. Secretin 494
III. Gastrin 499
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 504
REFERENCES 504
DISCUSSION 506
PART IV: INSULIN AND THE PANCREAS 516
Chapter 12. Synthetic Insulins 516
I. Introduction 516
II. Cleavage of Insulin and Separation of the S-Sulfonated Chains 520
III. Recombination of Natural Insulin Chains 523
IV. Synthesis of the A and B Chains of Insulin 527
V. Combination Yields of Synthetic Chains 561
VI. Isolation of Insulin from Combination Mixtures of A and B Chains 564
VII. Summary 570
REFERENCES 570
DISCUSSION 572
Chapter 13. Nonsuppressible Insulinlike Activity of Human Serum: Purification, Physicochemical and Biological Properties and Its Relation to Total Serum ILA 576
I. Introduction 576
II. Immunoreactive ILA of Blood 577
III. Transport of ILA in Blood 578
IV. Other Forms of ILA in Blood 579
V. Suppressible and Nonsuppressible ILA of Serum 580
VI. Extraction and Purification of Nonsuppressible ILA 588
VII. Biological Effects of Purified Nonsuppressible ILA 592
VIII. ILA in Diabetes Mellitus 606
IX. Concluding Remarks 613
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 614
REFERENCES 614
DISCUSSION 616
Chapter 14. Effect of Amino Acids and Proteins on Insulin Secretion in Man 628
I. Leucine Hypoglycemia 628
II. Effect of Protein Meals on Insulin Secretion 633
III. Effect of Amino Acids Other Than Leucine or Added to Leucine on Insulin Release 634
IV. Summary 663
REFERENCES 664
DISCUSSION 667
Author Index 674
Subject Index 697