Liver (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Liver: Morphology, Biochemistry, Physiology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Contributors 6
Preface 8
Contents of Volume II 14
CHAPTER 1. THE EMBRYONIC LIVER 16
I. Morphology 16
II. Embryonic Liver Physiology 34
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 47
REFERENCES 47
CHAPTER 2. ANATOMY OF THE LIVER 56
I. Histology of the Liver 56
IL Vascular Gross Anatomy of the Liver 69
III. Surgical Segments 71
REFERENCES 73
CHAPTER 3. THE STRUCTURE OF THE LIVER SINUSOIDS AND THE SINUSOIDAL CELLS 76
I. Historical and Theoretical Considerations 76
II. Morphological Aspects of Lining Cells 95
III. The Basement Membrane and the "Space of Disse" 107
IV. Electron Microscopic Findings 118
REFERENCES 141
CHAPTER 4. CYTO- AND HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE LIVER 152
I. Introduction 152
II. Nucleic Acids 154
III. Protein Reactions 157
IV. Glycogen 160
V. PAS-Positive Nonglycogenic Material 161
VI. Lipids 162
VII. Heavy Metals 163
VIII. Enzymatic Staining Reactions 165
IX. Discussion 195
REFERENCES 198
CHAPTER 5. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE LIVER 210
I. Introduction 210
II. The Hepatic Cell 211
III. The Biliary Pathways 250
IV. The Blood Sinusoids, the Kupffer Cells, and the Perisinusoidal Space 260
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 266
REFERENCES 267
CHAPTER 6. ACINAR UNITS AND THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE LIVER 280
I. Historical Note on the Microlobulation of the Liver 281
II. Simple Liver Acinus 284
III. The Complex Liver Acinus and the Acinar Agglomerate 294
IV. Hexagonal Pattern and the Interdigitation of the Afferent and Efferent Vascular Trees 299
V. Pathways of Hepatic Circulation 305
VI. Lines and Patterns Deriving from the Acinar Units for the Orientation of Hepatic Lesions 310
VII. Functional Anatomical Interpretation of Classical Notions in Pathology 316
VIII. Common Lesions in the Structural and Functional Units of the Human Liver 320
IX. Summary 334
REFERENCES 337
CHAPTER 7. DYNAMICS OF THE CIRCULATION IN THE LIVER 346
I. Methodological Considerations 347
II. Results of Various Estimations of Hepatic Blood Flow 352
III. Oxygen Transport and Consumption in the Liver 365
IV. Hepatic Fractions of the Cardiac Output 372
V. Hepatic Circulation in Diseases of the Liver 374
VI. The Portal Pressure 376
VII. Experimental Alterations of the Hepatic Circulation 379
VIII. Concluding Remarks 386
REFERENCES 388
CHAPTER 8. THE CELL COMPONENTS OF THE LIVER 396
I. Introduction 396
II. Isolation of Cell Components 399
III. Morphology of Isolated Fractions 410
IV. Biochemistry of Isolated Cell Components 419
V. Conclusions 440
VI. Appendix: Isolated Liver Cells 443
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 444
REFERENCES 444
CHAPTER 9. METABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS 466
I. Introduction 467
II. General Picture of Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism 471
III. Free Amino Acid Levels: Concentration of Amino Acids by the Liver 487
IV. The Removal of Nitrogen as Ammonia from Amino Acids 491
V. Transamination of Amino Acids 497
VI. Other Mechanisms for the Removal of Nitrogen 502
VII. Urea Metabolism 505
VIII. Ammonia Metabolism 513
IX. Creatine-Creatinine Metabolism 517
CHAPTER 10. THE LIVER AND LIPID METABOLISM 566
I. Introduction: The General Role of the Liver 566
II. The Hepatic Lipids 568
III. Metabolism of the Fatty Acids 570
IV. The Synthesis and Degradation of Phospholipids 582
V. The Liver and the Circulating Lipids 589
VI. The Liver and the Metabolism of Cholesterol 598
REFERENCES 605
CHAPTER 11. THE LIVER AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM 622
I. Introduction 623
II. Metabolism 624
III. Carbohydrate Metabolism and Hepatic Conjugation 637
IV. Energetics of Carbohydrate Metabolism 637
V. Mechanisms for the Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism 639
VI. Carbohydrate Metabolism as a Function of the Developmental State of the Organism 644
VII. Metabolic Diseases Due to Deficiencies in Enzymes of Carbohydrate Metabolism 645
REFERENCES 647
AUTHOR INDEX 652
SUBJECT INDEX 684